Linux—pip 安装工具的使用.ipynb

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    "# Pip 安装工具的使用\n",
    "## 一、pip下载安装\n",
    "### 1.1 pip下载\n",
    "　　进入 https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pip ，下载 pip-xxx.tar.gz 压缩包文件<br>\n",
    "### 1.2  Linux安装pip\n",
    ">tar -xzvf pip-1.5.4.tar.gz　　　# 解压<br>\n",
    "cd pip-1.5.4　　　# 进入解压文件<br>\n",
    "python setup.py install　　　　# 安装<br>\n",
    "\n",
    "### 1.3 升级pip\n",
    ">python -m pip install --upgrade pip<br>\n",
    "\n",
    "### 1.4、修改pip的默认安装路径\n",
    "　　windows下，pip默认安装在C盘的用户主目录的appdata目录下，占用C盘的空间。此时可以修改pip的安装路径，把python库安装到其他空间充足的目录中。  \n",
    "```shell\n",
    "$ python -m site       # 查看安装路径设置\n",
    "\n",
    "sys.path = [\n",
    "    'D:\\\\Apps\\\\Miniconda3\\\\python39.zip',\n",
    "    'D:\\\\Apps\\\\Miniconda3\\\\DLLs',\n",
    "    'D:\\\\Apps\\\\Miniconda3\\\\lib',\n",
    "    'D:\\\\Apps\\\\Miniconda3',\n",
    "    'D:\\\\Apps\\\\Miniconda3\\\\Scripts',\n",
    "    'D:\\\\Apps\\\\Miniconda3\\\\lib\\\\site-packages',\n",
    "    'D:\\\\Apps\\\\Miniconda3\\\\lib\\\\site-packages\\\\win32',\n",
    "    'D:\\\\Apps\\\\Miniconda3\\\\lib\\\\site-packages\\\\win32\\\\lib',\n",
    "    'D:\\\\Apps\\\\Miniconda3\\\\lib\\\\site-packages\\\\Pythonwin',\n",
    "]\n",
    "USER_BASE: 'D:\\\\Apps\\\\Miniconda3\\\\Lib\\\\site-packages' (exists)\n",
    "USER_SITE: 'D:\\\\Apps\\\\Miniconda3\\\\Scripts' (exists)\n",
    "ENABLE_USER_SITE: True\n",
    "# 其中USER_BASE和USER_SITE是pip的默认安装路径\n",
    "\n",
    "$ python -m site -help   # 查看配置 USER_BASE 与 USER_SITE 的文件路径\n",
    "\n",
    "D:\\Apps\\Miniconda3\\lib\\site.py [--user-base] [--user-site]    # 此处，site.py 文件即为要修改配置的文件\n",
    "\n",
    "Without arguments print some useful information\n",
    "With arguments print the value of USER_BASE and/or USER_SITE separated\n",
    "by ';'.\n",
    "\n",
    "Exit codes with --user-base or --user-site:\n",
    "  0 - user site directory is enabled\n",
    "  1 - user site directory is disabled by user\n",
    "  2 - user site directory is disabled by super user\n",
    "      or for security reasons\n",
    " >2 - unknown error\n",
    "```\n",
    "　　找到，site.py 文件，打开，并找到 USER_BASE = None、USER_SITE = None的两行修改。   \n",
    "　　注意：此处坑两点，一是 user_base 需设置为python安装目录下的Scripts文件夹得路径，否则后续使用安装的库时会有无法导包的问题；二是，由于配置路径不再是C盘的用户主目录，存在pip安装没有写权限的问题，此时需要给相关的文件（python安装目录下的etc、share、以及配置路径三处）路径赋予写权限。具体操作是：文件夹上右键 -> 属性 -> 安全 -> 编辑 -> 组与用户名中选择Users后在其权限中允许修改、写入 -> 应用 -> 确定 即可    \n",
    "　　此时，再通过 python -m site 查看，可发现配置已生效，赶紧 pip install 个包试一下吧！  \n",
    "\n",
    "## 二、pip使用详解\n",
    "### 2.1 pip安装包\n",
    ">pip install xxx　　　# 安装包名<br>\n",
    ">　\\[...\\]<br>\n",
    "　Successfully installed SomePackage    # 安装成功<br>\n",
    "\n",
    "### 2.2 pip查看是否已安装\n",
    ">pip show --files 安装包名\n",
    "\n",
    "### 2.3 pip检查哪些包需要更新\n",
    ">pip list --outdated\n",
    "\n",
    "### 2.4 pip升级包\n",
    ">pip install --upgrade 要升级的包名\n",
    "\n",
    "### 2.5 pip卸载包\n",
    ">pip uninstall 要卸载的包名\n",
    "\n",
    "### 2.6 pip参数解释\n",
    ">pip --help<br>\n",
    "Usage:  <br>\n",
    "　pip<command>[options]<br>\n",
    "Commands:<br>\n",
    "　install                    安装包.<br>\n",
    "　uninstall                  卸载包.<br>\n",
    "　freeze                     按着一定格式输出已安装包列表<br>\n",
    "　list                       列出已安装包.<br>\n",
    "　show                       显示包详细信息.<br>\n",
    "　search                     搜索包，类似yum里的search.(21年开始， pip的search更能被禁用)<br>\n",
    "　wheel                      Buildwheelsfromyourrequirements.<br>\n",
    "　zip                        不推荐.Zipindividualpackages.<br>\n",
    "　unzip                      不推荐.Unzipindividualpackages.<br>\n",
    "　bundle                     不推荐.Createpybundles.<br>\n",
    "　help                       当前帮助.<br>\n",
    "> <br>\n",
    "GeneralOptions:<br>\n",
    "　-h,--help                 显示帮助.<br>\n",
    "　-v,--verbose              更多的输出，最多可以使用3次<br>\n",
    "　-V,--version              现实版本信息然后退出.<br>\n",
    "　-q,--quiet                最少的输出.<br>\n",
    "　--log-file\\<path\\>          覆盖的方式记录verbose错误日志，默认文件：/root/.pip/pip.log<br>\n",
    "　--log\\<path\\>               不覆盖记录verbose输出的日志.<br>\n",
    "　--proxy\\<proxy\\>            Specifyaproxyintheform[user:passwd@]proxy.server:port.<br>\n",
    "　--timeout\\<sec\\>            连接超时时间(默认15秒).<br>\n",
    "　--exists-action\\<action\\>   Defaultactionwhenapathalreadyexists:(s)witch,(i)gnore,(w)ipe,(b)ackup.<br>\n",
    "　--cert\\<path\\>              证书.<br>\n",
    "\n",
    "### 2.7 search功能补充\n",
    "　　根据 PyPi 官方文档（20210326更新），由于持续的不明XMLRPC请求滥用，Python.org的XMLRPC将永久停止响应。也就意味着 PyPi 关闭了 pip 的 search 功能。 继续使用 pip search 将报错 ERROR: XMLRPC request failed [code: -32500]。<br>\n",
    "　　要想使用 pip search 的功能，就需要使用 pip_search 替代了！<br>\n",
    "　　安装：<br>\n",
    "> pip install pip_search\n",
    "\n",
    "　　使用：<br>\n",
    "> pip_search requests\n",
    "\n",
    "\n"
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    "### Python镜像源<br>\n",
    "阿里云 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/<br>\n",
    "中国科技大学 https://pypi.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/simple/ <br>\n",
    "豆瓣(douban) http://pypi.douban.com/simple/ <br>\n",
    "清华大学 https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple/<br>\n",
    "中国科学技术大学 http://pypi.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/simple/<br>\n",
    "修改配置默认源：<br>\n",
    "1、需要创建或修改配置文件（一般都是创建）<br>\n",
    "linux的文件在~/.pip/pip.conf<br>\n",
    "windows在%HOMEPATH%\\pip\\pip.ini）<br>\n",
    "2、修改内容为：<br>\n",
    "\\[global\\]<br>\n",
    "index-url = http://pypi.douban.com/simple<br>\n",
    "\\[install\\]<br>\n",
    "trusted-host=pypi.douban.com<br> \n",
    "这样在使用pip来安装时，会默认调用该镜像。<br>\n",
    ">#!/usr/bin/python <br>\n",
    "import os<br> \n",
    "package = raw_input(\"Please input the package which you want to install!\\n\")<br>\n",
    "command = \"pip install %s -i http://pypi.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/simple --trusted-host pypi.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn\" % package<br>\n",
    "os.system(command)<br>"
   ]
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   "source": [
    "## pip 工具使用"
   ]
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   "source": [
    "### pip更新升级\n",
    ">pip -V　　　# pip版本查看\n",
    ">pip install --upgrade pip\n",
    "\n",
    "### pip安装错误处理<br>\n",
    "1、错误：Retrying (Retry(total=4, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)) after connection broken by 'ConnectTimeoutError<br>\n",
    "解决办法：pip install selectivesearch -i http://pypi.douban.com/simple --trusted-host pypi.douban.com<br>\n",
    "2、错误：信任与安全主机错误<br>\n",
    "解决办法： pip install web.py -i http://pypi.douban.com/simple --trusted-host pypi.douban.com<br>\n",
    "3、错误：Fatal Python error: init_sys_streams: can't initialize sys standard streams；LookupError: unknow encoding: 65001<br>\n",
    "解决办法：命令行执行set pythonioencoding=utf-8 <br>\n",
    "4、错误：Python--Cmd窗口运行Python时（或者PIP安装第三方库时）提示：Fatal Python error: Py_Initialize: can't initialize sys standard streams LookupError: unknown encoding: cp65001<br>\n",
    "参考：[Cmd窗口运行Python时：unknown encoding: cp65001](https://www.bbsmax.com/A/Vx5M013gJN/)<br>\n",
    "解决办法：（结合chcp查看cmd代码页，并修改为合适编码）set pythonioencoding=utf-8 <br>\n",
    "5、错误：python setup.py egg_info ...”等等，但是倒数几行显示：“gbk” codec con't...（如安装 fitter 包）  \n",
    "解决办法：下载fitter 压缩包，解压打开，找到setup.py文件打开，修改文件内open()方法的打开编码方式，设置为encoding='utf-8', 保存退出。然后再使用 \"pip install 文件路径+包名称\" 的方式安装第三方包。   \n",
    "```shell\n",
    "pip install d:\\adnconda\\fitter-1.3.0\n",
    "```\n"
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