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draft-netana-nmop-yang-kafka-integration-00.txt
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NMOP T. Graf
Internet-Draft Swisscom
Intended status: Informational 24 February 2024
Expires: 27 August 2024
An Architecture for YANG-Push to Apache Kafka Integration
draft-netana-nmop-yang-kafka-integration-00
Abstract
This document describes the motivation and architecture of a native
YANG-Push notifications and YANG Schema integration into Apache Kafka
Message Broker and YANG Schema Registry.
Discussion Venues
This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.
Discussion of this document takes place on the Operations and
Management Area Working Group Working Group mailing list
([email protected]), which is archived at
https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/nmop/.
Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at
https://github.com/network-analytics/draft-daisy-kafka-yang-
integration/.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on 27 August 2024.
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2024 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components
extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1. Document Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3. Origins of YANG-Push . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4. Origins of Apache Kafka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1. Preserve Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2. Preserve Semantic Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3. Standardize Data Processing Integration . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Elements of the Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1. YANG-Push Subscription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2. YANG-Push Publisher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3. YANG-Push Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.4. YANG Schema Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.5. YANG Kafka Producer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.6. YANG Kafka Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.7. YANG Time Series Database Ingestion . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4. Project Milestones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5. Open Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7. Implementation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7.1. YANG Schema Registry Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7.2. YANG-Push Receiver Parsing Library . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
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1. Introduction
Nowadays network operators are using YANG [RFC7950] to model their
configurations and obtain YANG modelled data from their networks. It
is well understood that plain text are initially intended for humans
and need effort to make it machine readable due to the lack of
semantics. YANG modeled data is addressing this need.
Increasingly more network operators organizing their data in a Data
Mesh [Deh22] where a message broker such as Apache Kafka [Kaf11] or
RabbitMQ [Rab07] facilitates the exchange of messages among data
processing components like a stream processor to filter, enrich,
correlate or aggregate, or a time series database to store data.
Even though YANG is intend to ease the handling of data, this promise
has not yet been fulfilled for Network Telemetry [RFC9232]. From
subscribing on a YANG datastore, publishing a YANG modeled
notifications message from the network and viewing the data in a time
series database, manual labor is needed to perform a data
transformation to make a message broker and its data processing
components with YANG notifications interoparable.
1.1. Document Scope
This document focuses on YANG-Push [RFC8641] as the messaging
protocol between the network node and the Network Telemetry [RFC9232]
data collection. It describes the main components and the aimed
architecture for deploying such solution in a production network.
Then, hightlights the integration of the YANG 1.1 [RFC7950] as a
schema modeling language within the Apache Kafka and Confluent Schema
Registry [Con18] environment.
1.2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
This document makes use of the terms defined in [RFC8639], Apache
Kafka [Kaf11] and Confluent Schema Registry Documentation [ConDoc18].
The following terms are used as defined in [RFC8639].
* Publisher
* Receiver
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* Subscription
* Subscription ID
* Event stream filter
* Notification message
The following terms are used as defined in Apache Kafka [Kaf11].
* Producer
* Consumer
* Topic
* Partition
The following terms are used as defined in Confluent Schema Registry
Documentation [ConDoc18].
* Schema
* Schema ID
* Schema Registry
* Subject
1.3. Origins of YANG-Push
With [RFC3535] the IAB set the requirements for Network Management in
2003. From these requirements NETCONF [RFC6241], NETCONF
Notifications [RFC5277] and Restconf [RFC8040] has been defined to
configure through <edit-config> and retrieve operational data through
<get> and NETCONF notifications through <notification> from a YANG
datastore on a network node.
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With YANG-Push, as defined in [RFC8639], [RFC8640] and [RFC8641],
periodical and on-change subscriptions to the YANG datastore can be
dynamically or statically configured. When notifications are
dynamically configured, messages are published over the established
NETCONF session, while when it is statically configured messages are
published through HTTPS-based [I-D.ietf-netconf-https-notif] or
UDP-based [I-D.ietf-netconf-udp-notif] transport. Section 3.7 of
[RFC8641] describes push-update messages where the YANG subscribed
data is being published, where Section 2.7 of [RFC8639] describes the
subscription state change notifications where changes in the
subscription are being described.
1.4. Origins of Apache Kafka
Apache Kafka [Kaf11] is a message broker that supports producing and
consuming messages from so called topics. Each topic has one or more
partitions where messages are replicated or loadbalanced to scale
out. With the introduction of Confluent Schema Registry [Con18] a
topic can contain one or more subjects. A subject refers to a Schema
defining the structure of the message. The Schema then is used to
validate messages sent through topics and are idenfied by an Schema
ID. The Schema ID is issued when the Schema is registered to the
Confluent Schema Registry. Once the Schema ID is obtained, it can be
prefixed to the message with a Apache Kafka serializer. Messages can
then be validated against Schema at the producer or at the consumer
from a topic to ensure Schema integrity of the message. The type of
Schema evolution scheme can be defined per subject, wherever non
backward compatibility changes are allowed or not.
2. Motivation
There are three main objectives for native YANG-Push notifications
and YANG Schema integration into Apache Kafka Message Broker.
2.1. Preserve Semantics
The preservation of the YANG semantics, that includes the YANG data
types as defined in [RFC6991] and the nested structure of the YANG
module, throughout the data processing chain ensures that metrics can
be processed and visualized as they were originally intended. Not
only for the user but also for an automated closed loop operation
action.
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2.2. Preserve Semantic Information
[RFC7950] defines in Section 7.21.3 and 7.21.4 the description and
reference statement. This information is intended for the user,
describing in a human-readable fashion the meaning of a definition.
In Data Mesh, this information can be imported from the YANG Schema
Registry into a Stream Catalog where subjects within Apache Kafka are
identifyable and searchable. An example of a Stream Catalog is
Apache Atlas [Atl15]. It can also be applied for time series data
visualization in a similar fashion.
2.3. Standardize Data Processing Integration
Since the YANG Schema is preserved for operational metrics in Apache
Kafka, a standartization for integration between network data
collection and stream processor or time series database is implied.
3. Elements of the Architecture
The architecture consists of 6 elements. Figure 1 gives an overview
on the workflow.
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+------------------------------------------------------------+
| Time Series Database |
+------------------------------------------------------------+
^
| (11) Ingest Data
| According to Schema
+------------------------------------------------------------+
| Time Series Database Ingestion |
+------------------------------------------------------------+
(9) Get | ^ ^ (8) Validate Kafka Message
Schema | | | Against Schema on Consumer
| | |
| | |
| | (10) Issue | (7) Produce Kafka Message
v | Schema (5) Post | with Schema ID prefixed
+--------------------+ Schema +--------------------+
| YANG | <-------------- | Data Collection |
| Schema Registry | --------------> | YANG-Push Receiver |
+--------------------+ (6) Issue +--------------------+
Schema ID (3) Get | ^ (2) Receive YANG-Push
Schema | | Subscription Start Message
| | ^
| | |
| | | (4) Publish YANG-Push
v | | Message with Subscription ID
+--------------------+ +--------------------+
| Network | (1) Subscribe | Network Node |
| Orchestration | ---------------> | YANG-Push Publisher|
+--------------------+ +--------------------+
Figure 1: End to End Workflow
The workflow diagram (Figure 1) describes the steps from establishing
the YANG-Push subscription to Time Series Database ingestion.
3.1. YANG-Push Subscription
With step number (1) in the workflow diagram, a YANG-Push
subscription is according to Section 2.4 and 2.5 of [RFC8639]
dynamically or statically configured, and with step (2) subscription
state change notifications are sent according to section 2.7 from the
YANG-Push publisher to the receiver to inform which event stream
filter has been applied to which subscription ID.
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[I-D.ietf-netconf-yang-notifications-versioning] adds the capability
to subscribe to a specific YANG module revision or a YANG module
which needs to be backward compatible to in step (1) and adds the
module name, revision and revision-label information into the
subscription state change notifications in step (2).
Figure 2 provides and example how to create a YANG-Push configured
subscription with NETCONF in XML [W3C.REC-xml-20081126] with UDP-
based [I-D.ietf-netconf-udp-notif] transport
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<rpc message-id="101"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0">
<edit-config>
<target>
<running/>
</target>
<config>
<subscriptions xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-subscribed-notifications">
<subscription>
<id>6666</id>
<datastore xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-yang-push"
xmlns:ds="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-datastores">ds:operational</datastore>
<datastore-xpath-filter xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-yang-push"
xmlns:if="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-interfaces">/if:interfaces</datastore-xpath-filter>
<revision xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-yang-push-revision">2018-02-20</revision>
<transport xmlns:unt="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-udp-notif-transport">unt:udp-notif</transport>
<encoding>encode-json</encoding>
<receivers>
<receiver>
<name>subscription-specific-receiver-def</name>
<receiver-instance-ref xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-subscribed-notif-receivers">global-udp-notif-receiver-def</receiver-instance-ref>
</receiver>
</receivers>
<periodic xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-yang-push">
<period>6000</period>
</periodic>
</subscription>
<receiver-instances xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-subscribed-notif-receivers">
<receiver-instance>
<name>global-udp-notif-receiver-def</name>
<udp-notif-receiver xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-udp-notif-transport">
<address>192.0.5.1</address>
<port>12345</port>
<enable-segmentation>false</enable-segmentation>
<max-segment-size/>
</udp-notif-receiver>
</receiver-instance>
</receiver-instances>
</subscriptions>
</config>
</edit-config>
</rpc>
Figure 2: NETCONF Example to establish configured subscription
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Figure 3 provides an example of a JSON encoded, [RFC7951],
subscription-started state change notification message over HTTPS-
based [I-D.ietf-netconf-https-notif] or UDP-based
[I-D.ietf-netconf-udp-notif] transport for the same subscription.
{
"ietf-notification:notification": {
"eventTime": "2023-03-25T08:30:11.22Z",
"ietf-notification-sequencing:sysName": "example-router",
"ietf-notification-sequencing:sequenceNumber": 1,
"ietf-subscribed-notification:subscription-started": {
"id": 6666,
"ietf-yang-push:datastore": "ietf-datastores:operational",
"ietf-yang-push:datastore-xpath-filter": "/if:interfaces",
"ietf-yang-push-revision:revision": "2014-05-08",
"ietf-yang-push-revision:module-name": "ietf-interfaces",
"ietf-yang-push-revision:revision-label": "",
"ietf-distributed-notif:message-observation-domain-id": [1,2],
"transport": "ietf-udp-notif-transport:udp-notif",
"encoding": "encode-json",
"ietf-yang-push:periodic": {
"ietf-yang-push:period": 100
}
}
}
}
Figure 3: JSON YANG-Push Example for a subscription-started
notification message
3.2. YANG-Push Publisher
With step number (4) in the workflow diagram, a YANG-Push push-update
or push-change-update message, depending on wherever periodical or
on-change subscription has been established, is sent from the YANG-
Push publisher to the receiver according to Section 3.7 of [RFC8639].
[I-D.ahuang-netconf-notif-yang] defines the NETCONF notification
header specified in [RFC5277] in YANG to enable JSON and CBOR
encoding.
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[I-D.tgraf-netconf-notif-sequencing] adds sysName, messagePublisherId
and sequenceNumber in the NETCONF notification header to each message
to identify from which network node and publishing process, according
to [I-D.ietf-netconf-distributed-notif] a network node with
distributed architecture could have multiple messagePublisherId's,
the message has been published from. The sequenceNumber enables to
recognize loss from the YANG-Push publisher in step (1) down to the
Time Series Database Ingestion in step (11).
[I-D.tgraf-netconf-yang-push-observation-time] adds observation-time
or state-changed-observation-time in the YANG-Push push-update or
push-change-update message, depending on wherever periodical or on-
change subscription has been established. observation-time describes
when the operational metrics was obtained from the YANG datastore.
Where state-changed-observation-time describes when the network state
change was observed.
Figure 4 provides an example of a JSON encoded, [RFC7951], push-
update notification message over HTTPS-based
[I-D.ietf-netconf-https-notif] or UDP-based
[I-D.ietf-netconf-udp-notif] transport for the same subscription.
{
"ietf-notification:notification": {
"eventTime": "2023-03-25T08:30:11.22Z",
"ietf-notification-sequencing:sysName": "example-router",
"ietf-notification-sequencing:sequenceNumber": 1,
"ietf-yang-push:push-update": {
"id": 6666,
"ietf-yang-push-netobs-timestamping:observation-time": "2023-03-25T08:30:11.22Z",
"datastore-contents": {
"ietf-interfaces:interfaces": [
{
"interface": {
"name": "eth0",
"type": "iana-if-type:ethernetCsmacd",
"oper-status": "up",
"mtu": 1500
}
}
]
}
}
}
}
Figure 4: JSON YANG-Push Example for a push-update notification
message
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Figure 5 provides an example of a JSON encoded, [RFC7951], push-
change-update notification message over HTTPS-based
[I-D.ietf-netconf-https-notif] or UDP-based
[I-D.ietf-netconf-udp-notif] transport for the same subscription.
{
"ietf-notification:notification": {
"eventTime": "2023-03-25T08:30:11.22Z",
"ietf-notification-sequencing:sysName": "example-router",
"ietf-notification-sequencing:sequenceNumber": 1,
"ietf-yang-push:push-change-update": {
"id": 2222,
"ietf-yang-push-netobs-timestamping:state-changed-observation-time": "2023-03-25T08:30:11.22Z",
"datastore-contents": {
"yang-patch": {
"patch-id": "patch_54",
"comment": "Changing encoding to JSON and increasing the period to 10 minutes",
"edit": [
{
"edit-id": "id_change_1",
"operation": "merge",
"target": "/ietf-subscribed-notifications:subscriptions/subscription[id=2222]",
"value": {
"ietf-subscribed-notifications:encoding": "ietf-subscribed-notifications:encode-json",
"ietf-yang-push:periodic": {
"period": 60000
}
}
}
]
}
}
}
}
}
Figure 5: JSON YANG-Push Example for a push-change-update
notification message
3.3. YANG-Push Receiver
For all the YANG modules and revisions of each subscription ID in the
subscription state change notification received in step number (3) in
the workflow diagram, all the YANG module dependencies need to be
determined through the YANG Library [RFC8525], and then through
NETCONF <get-schema> rpc calls according to [RFC6022] all YANG
modules need to be retrieved as described in step (3) in the workflow
diagram.
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[I-D.lincla-netconf-yang-library-augmentation] extends the YANG
Library so that not only the submodule but also the augmentation list
can be obtained.
The YANG data model for datastore push subscriptions is defined in
Section 4.1 and 5 in [RFC8641]. It is unclear wherever the
subscribed data in the YANG datastore is referenced or the portion of
the YANG schema with datastore-subtree-filter or datastore-xpath-
filter. This will be further clarified in point number (1) in
Section 5.
A new YANG module augmenting ietf-notification, ietf-subscribed-
notifications and the referenced YANG data in datastore-subtree-
filter or datastore-xpath-filter could re-establish semantics, see
point number (1) and (2) in Section 5, needed for Schema registration
and also enable the possibility to add additional metadata such as
the applied event stream filter, YANG module name, revision and
revision-label from the subscription state change notifications as
described in Section 3.1.
3.4. YANG Schema Registry
Confluent Schema Registry is pluggable. Currently Supports AVRO,
JSON Schema and Protobuf. The YANG support is being developed at
[Yak24] as part of this architecture. Enable to register, obtain and
compare [YSR24] YANG Schemas. One YANG Schema with all its
augmentations is being registered per YANG-Push subscription ID. for
each YANG Schema a locally significant Schema ID is being issued as
described in step (6) in the workflow diagram.
curl -X POST -H "Content Type: application/vnd.schemaregistry.v1+json"
http://localhost:8081/subjects/ietf-interfaces/
Figure 6: Register ietf-interfaces.yang into YANG Schema Registry
curl http://localhost:8081/subjects/ ubjects/ | jq
Figure 7: List all subjects YANG Schema Registry
curl http://localhost:8081/subjects/ietf-interfaces/versions
Figure 8: List versions of a given subject in YANG Schema Registry
curl http://localhost:8081/subjects/ietf-interfaces/versions/1
Figure 9: Retrieve schema of a specific subject and version in
YANG Schema Registry
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3.5. YANG Kafka Producer
The previously issued Schema ID is prefixed to the previously in
Section 3.3 described metadata augmented YANG push push-update
message and serialized to a Apache Kafka topic in step (7) of the
workflow diagram.
3.6. YANG Kafka Consumer
From the Apache Kafka topic the message is being consumed and the
prefixed Schema ID is being used in step (9) of the workflow diagram
to retrieve the YANG Schema to validate the Schema integrity of the
message.
3.7. YANG Time Series Database Ingestion
The time series database ingestion specifications are being derived
with the in Section 3.6 already retrieved Schema ID and YANG-Push
push-update messages can be now ingested and indexed into the
database table according to their semantics.
4. Project Milestones
IETF 115:
* Official Project Kickoff.
* [I-D.ietf-netconf-yang-notifications-versioning] extends semantics
reference in subscription state change notification.
IETF 116:
* YANG module with augmentations can be registered in Confluent
Schema Registry with YANG extension [Yak24].
* [I-D.tgraf-netconf-notif-sequencing] extends NETCONF notification
header with sysName, messagePublisherId and sequenceNumber.
* [I-D.tgraf-netconf-yang-push-observation-time] extends YANG-Push
push-update or push-change-update message with observation-time or
state-changed-observation-time.
* [I-D.ahuang-netconf-notif-yang] defines the NETCONF notification
header specified in [RFC5277] in YANG.
IETF 118:
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* All relevant YANG modules for a subscribed xpath can be determined
through the YANG Library [RFC8525] and retrieved throug NETCONF
<get-schema> rpc calls according to [RFC6022]. Gap in YANG
library addressed in
[I-D.lincla-netconf-yang-library-augmentation].
5. Open Points
Lists all current open points to be either further researched and
clarified or tested with running code.
Note to the RFC-Editor: Please remove this section before publishing.
Open Point 1:
Regarding Figure 8 in Section 4.1 and YANG module in Section 5 of
[RFC8641]. Clarify wherever with an anydata and xpath1.0
statement the subscribed data in the YANG datastore is meant and
therefore semantics would be lost or if the subscribed portion of
the YANG schema is meant. If semantics are lost, propose
solutions how semantics can be preserved on YANG-Push Publisher
and when not preserved on YANG-Push Publisher how it could be
restored on YANG-Push Receiver.
Open Point 2:
Test with running code wherever semantics can be restored by
introducing a new YANG module augmenting at the YANG-Push receiver
ietf-notification, ietf-subscribed-notifications and datastore-
subtree-filter or datastore-xpath-filter referenced YANG modules
and their dependencies.
Open Point 3:
Definitions how NOTIFICAIONS are encoded in NETCONF are defined in
Section 4.2.10 of [RFC7950]. However specifications for enconding
in JSON are missing [RFC7951] Confirm finding and propose how this
needs to be addressed.
Open Point 4:
Test with running code wherever with
[I-D.ietf-netconf-yang-notifications-versioning] and
[I-D.lincla-netconf-yang-library-augmentation] all datastore-
subtree-filter or datastore-xpath-filter referenced YANG modules
and their dependencies can be fully indentified.
6. Security Considerations
TBD
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7. Implementation Status
Note to the RFC-Editor: Please remove this section before publishing.
7.1. YANG Schema Registry Extension
Ahmed Elhassany is developing a YANG Schema Extension in Confluent
Schema Registry.
The source code can be obtained here: [YSR24], the progress report
here: [YSRPR24], and was validated at the IETF 117 hackathon.
7.2. YANG-Push Receiver Parsing Library
Zhuoyao Lin developed as part of her internship a library to parse
YANG-Push subscription notifications, identify YANG module
dependencises with YANG Library [RFC8525] and obtain with NETCONF
<get-schema> rpc calls [RFC6022] all YANG modules from YANG-Push
publisher.
The source code can be obtained here: [LYP23] and was validated at
the IETF 117 hackathon.
8. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Yannick Buchs and Benoit Claise for
their review and valuable comments. Ahmed Elhassany, Alex Huang
Feng, Jean Quilbeuf and Zhuoyao Lin for review and contributing code
and providing examples and inputs to the open points.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[Con18] Yokota, R., "Confluent Schema Registry", Confluent
Community and Apache Software Foundation, December 2018,
<https://github.com/confluentinc/schema-registry/>.
[ConDoc18] Yokota, R., "Confluent Schema Registry Documentation",
Confluent Community and Apache Software Foundation,
December 2018,
<https://docs.confluent.io/platform/current/schema-
registry/>.
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[I-D.ahuang-netconf-notif-yang]
Feng, A. H., Francois, P., Graf, T., and B. Claise, "YANG
model for NETCONF Event Notifications", Work in Progress,
Internet-Draft, draft-ahuang-netconf-notif-yang-04, 21
January 2024, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
draft-ahuang-netconf-notif-yang-04>.
[I-D.ietf-netconf-yang-notifications-versioning]
Graf, T., Claise, B., and A. H. Feng, "Support of
Versioning in YANG Notifications Subscription", Work in
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-netconf-yang-
notifications-versioning-03, 20 October 2023,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-netconf-
yang-notifications-versioning-03>.
[I-D.lincla-netconf-yang-library-augmentation]
Lin, Z. and B. Claise, "Augmentaiton Addition into the
IETF-YANG-Library", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft,
draft-lincla-netconf-yang-library-augmentation-00, 6
November 2023, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
draft-lincla-netconf-yang-library-augmentation-00>.
[I-D.tgraf-netconf-notif-sequencing]
Graf, T., Quilbeuf, J., and A. H. Feng, "Support of
Hostname and Sequencing in YANG Notifications", Work in
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-tgraf-netconf-notif-
sequencing-03, 14 January 2024,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-tgraf-
netconf-notif-sequencing-03>.
[I-D.tgraf-netconf-yang-push-observation-time]
Graf, T., Claise, B., and A. H. Feng, "Support of Network
Observation Timestamping in YANG Notifications", Work in
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-tgraf-netconf-yang-push-
observation-time-00, 14 January 2024,
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-tgraf-
netconf-yang-push-observation-time-00>.
[Kaf11] Narkhede, N., "Apache Kafka", Apache Software Foundation,
January 2011, <https://kafka.apache.org/>.
[LYP23] Lin, Z., "libyangpush", Apache Software Foundation,
September 2023,
<https://github.com/network-analytics/libyangpush/>.
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[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC6022] Scott, M. and M. Bjorklund, "YANG Module for NETCONF
Monitoring", RFC 6022, DOI 10.17487/RFC6022, October 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6022>.
[RFC7950] Bjorklund, M., Ed., "The YANG 1.1 Data Modeling Language",
RFC 7950, DOI 10.17487/RFC7950, August 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7950>.
[RFC7951] Lhotka, L., "JSON Encoding of Data Modeled with YANG",
RFC 7951, DOI 10.17487/RFC7951, August 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7951>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8639] Voit, E., Clemm, A., Gonzalez Prieto, A., Nilsen-Nygaard,
E., and A. Tripathy, "Subscription to YANG Notifications",
RFC 8639, DOI 10.17487/RFC8639, September 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8639>.
[RFC8641] Clemm, A. and E. Voit, "Subscription to YANG Notifications
for Datastore Updates", RFC 8641, DOI 10.17487/RFC8641,
September 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8641>.
[Yak24] Feng, F., "Yangkit", Apache Software Foundation, February
2024, <https://github.com/yang-central/yangkit/>.
[YSR24] Elhassany, A., "YANG Schema Registry Extension", Apache
Software Foundation, February 2024,
<https://github.com/confluentinc/schema-registry-yang-
format/>.
[YSRPR24] Elhassany, A., "YANG Schema Registry Extension Progress
Report", February 2024, <https://github.com/network-
analytics/draft-daisy-kafka-yang-integration/blob/main/
YANG%20Schema%20registry%20integration.pdf>.
9.2. Informative References