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index.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="fr"><head>
<script src="index_files/libs/clipboard/clipboard.min.js"></script>
<script src="index_files/libs/quarto-html/tabby.min.js"></script>
<script src="index_files/libs/quarto-html/popper.min.js"></script>
<script src="index_files/libs/quarto-html/tippy.umd.min.js"></script>
<link href="index_files/libs/quarto-html/tippy.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="index_files/libs/quarto-html/quarto-html.min.css" rel="stylesheet" data-mode="light">
<link href="index_files/libs/quarto-html/quarto-syntax-highlighting.css" rel="stylesheet" id="quarto-text-highlighting-styles"><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="generator" content="quarto-1.1.251">
<title>index</title>
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black-translucent">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no, minimal-ui">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="index_files/libs/revealjs/dist/reset.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="index_files/libs/revealjs/dist/reveal.css">
<style>
code{white-space: pre-wrap;}
span.smallcaps{font-variant: small-caps;}
div.columns{display: flex; gap: min(4vw, 1.5em);}
div.column{flex: auto; overflow-x: auto;}
div.hanging-indent{margin-left: 1.5em; text-indent: -1.5em;}
ul.task-list{list-style: none;}
ul.task-list li input[type="checkbox"] {
width: 0.8em;
margin: 0 0.8em 0.2em -1.6em;
vertical-align: middle;
}
pre > code.sourceCode { white-space: pre; position: relative; }
pre > code.sourceCode > span { display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25; }
pre > code.sourceCode > span:empty { height: 1.2em; }
.sourceCode { overflow: visible; }
code.sourceCode > span { color: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; }
div.sourceCode { margin: 1em 0; }
pre.sourceCode { margin: 0; }
@media screen {
div.sourceCode { overflow: auto; }
}
@media print {
pre > code.sourceCode { white-space: pre-wrap; }
pre > code.sourceCode > span { text-indent: -5em; padding-left: 5em; }
}
pre.numberSource code
{ counter-reset: source-line 0; }
pre.numberSource code > span
{ position: relative; left: -4em; counter-increment: source-line; }
pre.numberSource code > span > a:first-child::before
{ content: counter(source-line);
position: relative; left: -1em; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;
border: none; display: inline-block;
-webkit-touch-callout: none; -webkit-user-select: none;
-khtml-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none;
-ms-user-select: none; user-select: none;
padding: 0 4px; width: 4em;
color: #767676;
}
pre.numberSource { margin-left: 3em; border-left: 1px solid #767676; padding-left: 4px; }
div.sourceCode
{ color: #545454; background-color: #fefefe; }
@media screen {
pre > code.sourceCode > span > a:first-child::before { text-decoration: underline; }
}
code span { color: #545454; } /* Normal */
code span.al { color: #7928a1; } /* Alert */
code span.an { color: #696969; } /* Annotation */
code span.at { color: #aa5d00; } /* Attribute */
code span.bn { color: #7928a1; } /* BaseN */
code span.bu { } /* BuiltIn */
code span.cf { color: #d91e18; } /* ControlFlow */
code span.ch { color: #008000; } /* Char */
code span.cn { color: #d91e18; } /* Constant */
code span.co { color: #696969; } /* Comment */
code span.cv { color: #696969; font-style: italic; } /* CommentVar */
code span.do { color: #696969; font-style: italic; } /* Documentation */
code span.dt { color: #7928a1; } /* DataType */
code span.dv { color: #7928a1; } /* DecVal */
code span.er { color: #7928a1; } /* Error */
code span.ex { } /* Extension */
code span.fl { color: #aa5d00; } /* Float */
code span.fu { color: #06287e; } /* Function */
code span.im { } /* Import */
code span.in { color: #696969; } /* Information */
code span.kw { color: #d91e18; } /* Keyword */
code span.op { color: #007faa; } /* Operator */
code span.ot { color: #d91e18; } /* Other */
code span.pp { color: #7928a1; } /* Preprocessor */
code span.sc { color: #007faa; } /* SpecialChar */
code span.ss { color: #008000; } /* SpecialString */
code span.st { color: #008000; } /* String */
code span.va { color: #aa5d00; } /* Variable */
code span.vs { color: #008000; } /* VerbatimString */
code span.wa { color: #696969; font-style: italic; } /* Warning */
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="index_files/libs/revealjs/dist/theme/quarto.css" id="theme">
<link href="index_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/quarto-line-highlight/line-highlight.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="index_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/reveal-menu/menu.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="index_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/reveal-menu/quarto-menu.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="index_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/reveal-chalkboard/font-awesome/css/all.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="index_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/reveal-chalkboard/style.css" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="index_files/libs/revealjs/plugin/quarto-support/footer.css" rel="stylesheet">
<style type="text/css">
.callout {
margin-top: 1em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
border-radius: .25rem;
}
.callout.callout-style-simple {
padding: 0em 0.5em;
border-left: solid #acacac .3rem;
border-right: solid 1px silver;
border-top: solid 1px silver;
border-bottom: solid 1px silver;
display: flex;
}
.callout.callout-style-default {
border-left: solid #acacac .3rem;
border-right: solid 1px silver;
border-top: solid 1px silver;
border-bottom: solid 1px silver;
}
.callout .callout-body-container {
flex-grow: 1;
}
.callout.callout-style-simple .callout-body {
font-size: 1rem;
font-weight: 400;
}
.callout.callout-style-default .callout-body {
font-size: 0.9rem;
font-weight: 400;
}
.callout.callout-captioned.callout-style-simple .callout-body {
margin-top: 0.2em;
}
.callout:not(.callout-captioned) .callout-body {
display: flex;
}
.callout:not(.no-icon).callout-captioned.callout-style-simple .callout-content {
padding-left: 1.6em;
}
.callout.callout-captioned .callout-header {
padding-top: 0.2em;
margin-bottom: -0.2em;
}
.callout.callout-captioned .callout-caption p {
margin-top: 0.5em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
.callout.callout-captioned.callout-style-simple .callout-content p {
margin-top: 0;
}
.callout.callout-captioned.callout-style-default .callout-content p {
margin-top: 0.7em;
}
.callout.callout-style-simple div.callout-caption {
border-bottom: none;
font-size: .9rem;
font-weight: 600;
opacity: 75%;
}
.callout.callout-style-default div.callout-caption {
border-bottom: none;
font-weight: 600;
opacity: 85%;
font-size: 0.9rem;
padding-left: 0.5em;
padding-right: 0.5em;
}
.callout.callout-style-default div.callout-content {
padding-left: 0.5em;
padding-right: 0.5em;
}
.callout.callout-style-simple .callout-icon::before {
height: 1rem;
width: 1rem;
display: inline-block;
content: "";
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: 1rem 1rem;
}
.callout.callout-style-default .callout-icon::before {
height: 0.9rem;
width: 0.9rem;
display: inline-block;
content: "";
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-size: 0.9rem 0.9rem;
}
.callout-caption {
display: flex
}
.callout-icon::before {
margin-top: 1rem;
padding-right: .5rem;
}
.callout.no-icon::before {
display: none !important;
}
.callout.callout-captioned .callout-body > .callout-content > :last-child {
margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
}
.callout.callout-captioned .callout-icon::before {
margin-top: .5rem;
padding-right: .5rem;
}
.callout:not(.callout-captioned) .callout-icon::before {
margin-top: 1rem;
padding-right: .5rem;
}
/* Callout Types */
div.callout-note {
border-left-color: #4582ec !important;
}
div.callout-note .callout-icon::before {
background-image: url('data:image/png;base64,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');
}
div.callout-note.callout-style-default .callout-caption {
background-color: #dae6fb
}
div.callout-important {
border-left-color: #d9534f !important;
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="Outrageously efficient exploratory data analysis with Apache Arrow and dplyr">
<meta name="twitter:description" content="A 10 minute lightning talk on all things arrow + dplyr">
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</head>
<body class="quarto-light">
<div class="reveal">
<div class="slides">
<section class="slide level2"><h1>
Introduction à l’analyse de données
</h1>
<h2>
avec R et le Tidyverse
</h2>
<hr>
<h3>
Ousmane Ouedraogo, BSc <br>Météorologiste<br>2022-11-01
</h3>
<img data-src="img/tidyverse2.png" class="r-stretch quarto-figure-right"></section><section id="objectifs-du-module" class="slide level2"><h2>Objectifs du module</h2>
<p><br></p>
<p>Ce module est une introduction <strong>très rapide à l’analyse de données avec R et le Tidyverse.</strong> Il est conçu pour répondre aux objectifs suivants:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>comprendre ce qu’est R et le tidyverse;</p></li>
<li><p>créer, conduire et gérer un projet d’analyse de données;</p></li>
<li><p>importer des données Excel & textes plats;</p></li>
<li><p>manipuler, traiter, analyser, et visualiser un ensemble de données</p></li>
<li><p>exporter les résultats d’analyse sous forme de tableaux, graphiques, fichiers excels, textes etc…</p></li>
</ul></section><section id="bibliographie" class="slide level2"><h2>Bibliographie</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>Ce module est juste une introduction rapide, la plupart du présent contenu est tiré de riches livres dont les liens sont mentionnées sur ce transparent. Ils sont disponibles en ligne gratuitement, la contrepartie est de les citer comme référence dans les travaux. Mon coup de cœur c’est <u><strong>R for Data Science</strong></u> que je considère comme la bible du Data Scientist</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="columns">
<div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<ul>
<li><p><a href="https://r4ds.had.co.nz" title="R for Data Science">R for Data Science</a></p></li>
<li><p><a href="https://rstudio-education.github.io/hopr/" title="Hands-On Programming with R">Hands-On Programming with R</a></p></li>
<li><p><a href="https://r-graphics.org" title="R Graphics Cookbook">R Graphics Cookbook</a></p></li>
</ul>
<p>Pour vous motivez davantage tous ces livres ont été écrit et publié en ligne avec R et Quarto ou Rmarkdown. Oui R permet de faire ça.</p>
</div><div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<p><img data-src="img/Presentation1/Slide2.png"></p>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="cest-quoi-r-et-tidyverse" class="slide level2"><h2>C’est quoi R et Tidyverse ?</h2>
<div class="columns">
<p><br></p>
<div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<p><strong>R</strong> est à la fois un logiciel et langage de programmation. Conçu à la base pour les Stats, de nos jours R est utilisé en :</p>
<ul>
<li><p>SIG: acquisitions, traitement, analyse spatiales ( <strong>sf</strong>, <strong>terra</strong>, <strong>stars …</strong>)</p></li>
<li><p>Développement web : Application web, API, Blog et Site web</p></li>
<li><p>Traitement de texte : Documents technique et scientifique : livres, rapports, articles, posters</p></li>
</ul>
<p>R est forte de sa communauté qui la plupart du temps sont des chercheurs, étudiants. L’aide est disponible partout sur des blogs. Sur Facebook ou Twitter suivre le hastag #rstats, #tidyverse.</p>
</div><div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<p><strong>Tidyverse</strong> est une boîte à outils conçu pour faciliter, accélérer la partie traitement et analyse de données et se concentré sur les interprétations. En gros tidyverse permet de gérer :</p>
<ul>
<li><p>l’importation des données (vroom, readr, foreign)</p></li>
<li><p>le (ré)codage, nettoyage, traitement et inspection</p></li>
<li><p>l’analyse et la visualisation, production de rapports</p></li>
<li><p>le partage des résultats d’analyses sous forme de page web (HTML), de pdf ou de site web.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Le Tidyverse c’est aujourd’hui toute une philosophie, une façon moderne et efficiente de travailler avec les données.</p>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="astuces-avant-de-commencer" class="slide level2"><h2>Astuces avant de commencer</h2>
<p><br></p>
<p>La programmation est très exigeante, et un certain nombre de règles simple peuvent aidés à être efficient.</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Les noms de dossiers sans espaces, sans caractères spéciaux</p></li>
<li><p>Les noms doivent être courts, évocateurs et ne comporter ni caractères spéciaux, espaces</p></li>
<li><p>Les chemins doivent être le plus cours possibles.</p></li>
<li><p>Les données d’entrées préférentiellement en textes plats, et bien structurées: une colonne une variable, une ligne une observation. (<strong><em>tidy data principles</em></strong>)</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Le plus important de garder à l’esprit programmation c’est de savoir :</p>
<ul>
<li><p>plusieurs façon existent, et une plus simple est recherchée</p></li>
<li><p>être créatifs, curieux et aimer les défis.</p></li>
<li><p>un langage de programmation est un outil (avoir les outils du menuisier ne fait de vous un ! )</p></li>
</ul></section><section id="packages-à-installer" class="slide level2"><h2>Packages à installer</h2>
<p><br></p>
<p>Les <strong>packages</strong> sont des collections de fonctions, de données développer et distribuer sur le <strong>CRAN</strong> ou sur un <strong>GIT</strong>. L’installation d’un package est relativement simple : <strong>Tools > Install Packages</strong> ou <code><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/utils/install.packages.html">install.packages()</a></code></p>
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<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1"></a><span class="fu">install.packages</span>(</span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2"></a> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"tidyverse"</span>,<span class="st">"report"</span>,<span class="st">"dlookr"</span>,<span class="st">"devtools"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3"></a> <span class="st">"ggpubr"</span>,<span class="st">"palmerpenguins"</span>,<span class="st">"broom"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4"></a> <span class="st">"performance"</span>,<span class="st">"see"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5"></a> )</span>
<span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6"></a>devtools<span class="sc">::</span><span class="fu">install_github</span>(<span class="st">"olihawkins/pilot"</span>)</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
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</div>
</div>
<p>Le chargement est fait au moyen de la commande <strong><code><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/library.html">library()</a></code></strong> , par exemple <strong><code><a href="https://tidyverse.tidyverse.org">library(tidyverse)</a></code></strong></p>
</section><section id="création-de-projet-r" class="slide level2"><h2>Création de projet R</h2>
<p><br></p>
<p>Un projet R est un environnement de travail propre et portable. Un projet R permet de :</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Faciliter la gestion de données et répertoire de travail</p></li>
<li><p>Organiser et fluidifie le processus d’analyse de données</p></li>
<li><p>S’affranchir d’un ordinateur et/ou d’un système d’exploitation particulier</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Création : <strong>File > New Project ></strong></p>
<img data-src="images/paste-6E97553E.png" class="r-stretch"></section><section id="création-de-projet" class="slide level2"><h2>Création de projet</h2>
<p>Une fois le projet créé et chargé, on peut créer des dossiers et fichiers en exécutant à la console les commandes suivantes :</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(fs)</span>
<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2"></a><span class="fu">dir_create</span>(<span class="st">"data"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb2-3"><a href="#cb2-3"></a><span class="fu">dir_create</span>(<span class="st">"scripts"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb2-4"><a href="#cb2-4"></a><span class="fu">dir_create</span>(<span class="st">"figs"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb2-5"><a href="#cb2-5"></a><span class="fu">dir_create</span>(<span class="st">"output"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb2-6"><a href="#cb2-6"></a><span class="fu">file_create</span>(<span class="st">"scripts/00-configuration.R"</span>)</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Les fichiers et répertoires peuvent être créés manuellement aussi. Les entrées et sorties de votre projet seront dans le dossier <strong><code>mon-projet</code></strong><br><br>
Je vous ai fourni déjà un répertoire projet :<strong><code>quick-intro-r</code></strong>.Ouvrez-le dans RStudio</p>
<p><strong>File > Open project >…(Démonstration)</strong></p>
</section><section id="premiers-pas-avec-r" class="slide level2"><h2>Premiers pas avec R</h2>
<div class="columns">
<div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<h4 id="une-calculatrice">Une calculatrice</h4>
<p>R est un langage interactif. La console de R est un peu comme une calculatrice.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1"></a><span class="dv">1</span> <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="dv">1</span></span>
<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2"></a><span class="dv">2</span><span class="sc">*</span><span class="dv">5</span> <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="dv">1</span></span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<h4 id="résultats-en-mémoire">Résultats en mémoire</h4>
<p><strong>assignation</strong></p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1"></a>a <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="dv">1</span></span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p><strong>accès</strong></p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1"></a><span class="fu">print</span>(a)</span>
<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2"></a><span class="co">#ou </span></span>
<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3"></a>a <span class="co"># puis entrer à la console</span></span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</div><div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<p><img data-src="img/Screenshot%202022-10-21%20at%2016.38.36.png"></p>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="les-objets-r" class="slide level2"><h2>Les objets R</h2>
<div class="columns">
<div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<h4 id="vecteurs">Vecteurs</h4>
<p>Données à une dimension, exemple les dates ou notes de physiques. données de même nature</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1"></a>x <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">seq</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="dv">10</span>,<span class="dv">2</span>)</span>
<span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2"></a>y <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">10</span></span>
<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3"></a>z <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="dv">7</span>,<span class="dv">11</span>,<span class="dv">19</span>,<span class="dv">20</span>)</span>
<span id="cb6-4"><a href="#cb6-4"></a>t <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"Anna"</span>,<span class="st">"Marie"</span>,<span class="st">"Pain"</span>,<span class="st">"Chat"</span>)</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<h4 id="dataframe">Dataframe</h4>
<p>Tableau, colonne de même nature. Plus souvent les données de la vie réelle.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1"></a>df <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">data.frame</span>(<span class="at">x=</span>x,<span class="at">y=</span>y)</span>
<span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2"></a>df <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">data.frame</span>(</span>
<span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3"></a> <span class="at">x=</span><span class="fu">seq</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="dv">5</span>,<span class="dv">1</span>),</span>
<span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4"></a> <span class="at">y=</span><span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"A"</span>,<span class="st">"B"</span>,<span class="st">"C"</span>,<span class="st">"D"</span>,<span class="st">"E"</span>), </span>
<span id="cb7-5"><a href="#cb7-5"></a> <span class="at">z=</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"Anna"</span>,<span class="st">"Marie"</span>,<span class="st">"Pain"</span>,<span class="st">"Chat"</span>,<span class="st">"Lion"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb7-6"><a href="#cb7-6"></a> )</span>
<span id="cb7-7"><a href="#cb7-7"></a>df <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">vroom</span>(<span class="at">file=</span><span class="st">"chemin-fichier ou url"</span>)</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</div><div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<h4 id="matrices">Matrices</h4>
<p>Tableau de données de même nature.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1"></a>x <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">9</span></span>
<span id="cb8-2"><a href="#cb8-2"></a>mat <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">matrix</span>(x,<span class="at">nrow =</span> <span class="dv">3</span>,<span class="at">byrow =</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>)</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p><br></p>
<h4 id="liste">Liste</h4>
<p>Une liste contient plusieurs types d’objets de nature differentes</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1"></a>lst_data <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">list</span>(</span>
<span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2"></a> <span class="at">mat =</span> <span class="fu">matrix</span>(<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">9</span>,<span class="at">nrow =</span> <span class="dv">3</span>,<span class="at">byrow =</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>),</span>
<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3"></a> <span class="at">df =</span> <span class="fu">data.frame</span>(</span>
<span id="cb9-4"><a href="#cb9-4"></a> <span class="at">x=</span><span class="fu">seq</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="dv">5</span>,<span class="dv">1</span>),</span>
<span id="cb9-5"><a href="#cb9-5"></a> <span class="at">y=</span><span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"A"</span>,<span class="st">"B"</span>,<span class="st">"C"</span>,<span class="st">"D"</span>,<span class="st">"E"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb9-6"><a href="#cb9-6"></a> ),</span>
<span id="cb9-7"><a href="#cb9-7"></a> <span class="at">vector =</span> <span class="fu">seq</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="dv">100</span>,<span class="dv">10</span>)</span>
<span id="cb9-8"><a href="#cb9-8"></a>)</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="importation-de-données" class="slide level2"><h2>Importation de données</h2>
<p><br></p>
<p>L’un des pans importants en analyse de données, c’est comment passer du fichier au logiciel. Cette procédure est appeler Importation de données, ou Input en anglais. Plusieurs <strong>package</strong>, existent pour ça mais je montre deux points:</p>
<div class="columns">
<div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<p><img data-src="images/paste-8FC0BC4C.png"></p>
</div><div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<p>Un véritable <strong>couteau suisse</strong> pour importer les fichiers textes, est le <strong>package vroom.</strong> Une seule commande :</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb10"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(vroom)</span>
<span id="cb10-2"><a href="#cb10-2"></a><span class="fu">vroom</span>(<span class="at">file =</span> <span class="st">"chemin-du-fichier"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb10-3"><a href="#cb10-3"></a> <span class="at">col_names =</span> <span class="st">"TRUE ou FALSE"</span>)</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Cette commande devine les délimiteurs, les formats et tout. Plus besoin de se casser la tête.</p>
<p>Cette commande peut lire un fichier distant ( depuis un serveur directement dans R)</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb11"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(vroom)</span>
<span id="cb11-2"><a href="#cb11-2"></a><span class="fu">vroom</span>(<span class="at">file =</span> <span class="st">"lien-internet-vers-fichier"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb11-3"><a href="#cb11-3"></a> <span class="at">col_names =</span> <span class="st">"TRUE ou FALSE"</span>)</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="pratique-importation" class="slide level2"><h2>Pratique importation</h2>
<h5 id="fichier-distant">Fichier distant</h5>
<p><br></p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb12"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb12-1"><a href="#cb12-1"></a>weather_data <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">vroom</span>(</span>
<span id="cb12-2"><a href="#cb12-2"></a> <span class="at">file =</span> <span class="st">"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/vega/vega/main/docs/data/seattle-weather.csv"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb12-3"><a href="#cb12-3"></a> <span class="at">col_names =</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span></span>
<span id="cb12-4"><a href="#cb12-4"></a> )</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<h5 id="fichier-local">Fichier local</h5>
<p><br></p>
<div class="columns">
<div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb13"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb13-1"><a href="#cb13-1"></a>weather_data <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">vroom</span>(</span>
<span id="cb13-2"><a href="#cb13-2"></a> <span class="at">file=</span><span class="st">"data/seattle-weather.csv"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb13-3"><a href="#cb13-3"></a> <span class="at">col_names =</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span></span>
<span id="cb13-4"><a href="#cb13-4"></a>)</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</div><div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<p><img data-src="images/Screenshot%202022-10-21%20at%2017.17.23.png"></p>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="le-tidyverse" class="slide level2"><h2>Le Tidyverse</h2>
<p><br></p>
<p><strong>Le core du tidyverse</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>
<code>ggplot2</code>, pour les graphiques</li>
<li>
<code>dplyr</code>, pour transformer et résumer le contenu des données</li>
<li>
<code>tidyr</code>, pour transformer la structure des données de type tableau purrr, une mise à niveau des outils de programmation fonctionnelle de R base</li>
<li>
<code>tibble</code>, un tableau de données amélioré</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>La philosophie du tidyverse</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p>D’après Hadley Wickham (directeur scientifique de RStudio) permettre à l’analyste de se concentrer sur les questions de fond plutôt que sur les aspects techniques de l’analyse des données.</p>
</blockquote>
</section><section id="le-pipe" class="slide level2"><h2>Le pipe %>%</h2>
<p><br><strong>Objectif</strong></p>
<p>Le but du pipe est de vous aider à écrire le code d’une manière plus facile à lire et à comprendre.</p>
<p><strong>Principe</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>
<span class="math inline">\(x\)</span> %>% <span class="math inline">\(f()\)</span> est équivalent à <span class="math inline">\(f(x)\)</span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="math inline">\(x\)</span> %>% <span class="math inline">\(f(y)\)</span> est équivalent à <span class="math inline">\(f(x, y)\)</span>
</li>
<li>
<span class="math inline">\(x\)</span> %>% <span class="math inline">\(f(y,.)\)</span> est équivalent à <span class="math inline">\(f(y,x)\)</span>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb14"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb14-1"><a href="#cb14-1"></a>x<span class="ot"><-</span><span class="dv">3</span></span>
<span id="cb14-2"><a href="#cb14-2"></a>x <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">sqrt</span>(x)</span>
<span id="cb14-3"><a href="#cb14-3"></a>x <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">log</span>(x)</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Grâce au <strong>pipe</strong> des opérations complexes pourront s’enchainées sans création de variables intermédiaires seul le resultat final compte ! Génial n’est-ce pas?</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb15"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb15-1"><a href="#cb15-1"></a>x <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb15-2"><a href="#cb15-2"></a> <span class="fu">sqrt</span>() <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb15-3"><a href="#cb15-3"></a> <span class="fu">log</span>()</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section><section id="manipulation-de-données---dplyr" class="slide level2"><h2>Manipulation de données - dplyr</h2>
<h3 id="dplyr-cest-quoi">dplyr c’est quoi?</h3>
<blockquote>
<p><code>dplyr</code> est un package du tidyverse. Il abrite de nombreuses fonctions qui facilitent la manipulation des données.</p>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>dplyr est donc une grammaire de la manipulation des données, fournissant un ensemble cohérent de verbes qui vous aident à résoudre les défis de manipulation de données les plus courants.</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>
<code><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/stats/filter.html">filter()</a></code>: conserve les lignes qui satisfont vos conditions</li>
<li>
<code>select()</code>: conserver ou exclure certaines colonnes</li>
<li>
<code>rename()</code>: renommer les colonnes</li>
<li>
<code>relocate()</code>: déplacer les colonnes</li>
<li>
<code>mutate()</code>: ajouter une nouvelle colonne</li>
</ul></section><section id="manipulation-de-données---dplyr-1" class="slide level2"><h2>Manipulation de données - dplyr</h2>
<h3 id="dplyr-cest-quoi-1">dplyr c’est quoi</h3>
<p><br></p>
<blockquote>
<p>dplyr est donc une grammaire de la manipulation des données, fournissant un ensemble cohérent de verbes qui vous aident à résoudre les défis de manipulation de données les plus courants.</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>
<code>group_by()</code> + <code>summarise()</code>: obtenir des statistiques récapitulatives par groupe</li>
<li>
<code>across()</code>: applique une fonction sur plusieurs colonnes</li>
<li>
<code>count()</code>: trouver rapidement les décomptes pour différents groupes</li>
<li>
<code>case_when()</code>: ifelse vectorisé</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Note:</strong> Bien d’autres verbes sont disponibles mais les plus importants sont ceux là, nous allons les revisités individuellement.</p>
</section><section id="selection-lignes---filter" class="slide level2"><h2>Selection lignes - filter()</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>La fonction filter() est utilisée pour filtrer un tableau de données, en retenant toutes les lignes qui satisfont à vos conditions.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="columns">
<div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<p><strong>entrées</strong> : données et expréssion(s) de filtrage</p>
<p><strong>sortie</strong> : génère un tibble sans modifier les données</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb16"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb16-1"><a href="#cb16-1"></a>mtcars <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb16-2"><a href="#cb16-2"></a> <span class="fu">filter</span>(cyl <span class="sc">==</span> <span class="dv">4</span>, mpg<span class="sc">></span><span class="dv">20</span>) <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb16-3"><a href="#cb16-3"></a><span class="fu">head</span>(<span class="dv">6</span>)</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Des opérateurs utiles</p>
<ul>
<li><p><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Comparison.html"><code>==</code></a>, <code>></code>, <code>>=</code> etc</p></li>
<li><p><code>&</code>, <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Logic.html"><code>|</code></a>, <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Logic.html"><code>!</code></a>, <a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/Logic.html"><code>xor()</code></a></p></li>
<li><p><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/NA.html"><code>is.na()</code></a></p></li>
<li><p><a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/between.html"><code>between()</code></a>, <a href="https://dplyr.tidyverse.org/reference/near.html"><code>near()</code></a></p></li>
</ul>
</div><div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<p><img data-src="img/filter.jpeg"></p>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong>Pratique</strong> : Charger les données gapminder et filtrer les données d’une année et ou d’un groupe de pays.</p>
</section><section id="sélection-de-colonnes" class="slide level2"><h2>Sélection de colonnes</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>La fonction <code>select()</code> est utilisée pour séléction un certains nombres de variable , en retenant toutes les lignes qui satisfont à vos conditions.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="columns">
<div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<p><strong>entrées</strong> : données et expréssion(s) de selection</p>
<p><strong>sortie</strong> : génère un tibble sans modifier les données</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb17"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb17-1"><a href="#cb17-1"></a>mtcars <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb17-2"><a href="#cb17-2"></a> <span class="fu">select</span>(cyl, mpg) <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb17-3"><a href="#cb17-3"></a><span class="fu">head</span>(<span class="dv">6</span>)</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Des méthodes utiles</p>
<ul>
<li><p><code>select(df, 1:5)</code></p></li>
<li><p><code>select(df , -1)</code> ou <code>select(df, -colname)</code></p></li>
<li><p><code>select_if(df, is.numeric)</code></p></li>
<li><p><code>starts_with()</code>,<code>ends_with()</code></p></li>
<li><p><code><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/numeric.html">is.numeric()</a></code>, <code><a href="https://rdrr.io/r/base/character.html">is.character()</a></code></p></li>
</ul>
</div><div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<p><img data-src="img/Presentation1/Slide1.png"></p>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong>Pratique</strong> : Charger les données gapminder et filtrer les données d’une année et ou d’un groupe de pays.</p>
</section><section id="ajout-colonne---mutate" class="slide level2"><h2>Ajout colonne - mutate()</h2>
<blockquote>
<p><code>mutate()</code> permet d’ajouter une variable à un tableau de données à partir de données intra ou extra de celui-ci tout en conservant les autres variables. Le mot <code>mutate</code> prend donc tous sons sens.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="columns">
<div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<p>Ajouter une nouvelle colonne à <code>penguins</code> avec la masse corporelle en g convertie en kg.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb18"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(palmerpenguins)</span>
<span id="cb18-2"><a href="#cb18-2"></a>penguins <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb18-3"><a href="#cb18-3"></a> <span class="fu">mutate</span>(<span class="at">body_mass_kg =</span> body_mass_g <span class="sc">/</span> <span class="dv">1000</span>) <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb18-4"><a href="#cb18-4"></a> <span class="fu">select</span>(species, body_mass_g, body_mass_kg) <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb18-5"><a href="#cb18-5"></a> <span class="fu">head</span>(<span class="dv">4</span>)</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Ajouter une nouvelle colonne à <code>penguins</code>.</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb19"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb19-1"><a href="#cb19-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(palmerpenguins)</span>
<span id="cb19-2"><a href="#cb19-2"></a>penguins <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb19-3"><a href="#cb19-3"></a> <span class="fu">mutate</span>(</span>
<span id="cb19-4"><a href="#cb19-4"></a> <span class="at">sd_mass_kg =</span> <span class="fu">sd</span>(body_mass_kg,<span class="at">na.rm =</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>),</span>
<span id="cb19-5"><a href="#cb19-5"></a> <span class="at">.before =</span> species</span>
<span id="cb19-6"><a href="#cb19-6"></a> ) </span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Les arguments <code>.before</code> et <code>.after</code> permet de situer la nouvelle colonne ainsi créee.</p>
</div><div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<p><img data-src="img/mutate.jpeg"></p>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="renommer-des-colonnes" class="slide level2"><h2>Renommer des colonnes</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>la fonction <code>rename()</code> permet de changer le nom d’une ou plusieurs colonnes. Cela peut s’avérer utile particulièrement utile dans certains cas.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="columns">
<div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<p>La syntaxe est toute simple :</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb20"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb20-1"><a href="#cb20-1"></a>penguins <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb20-2"><a href="#cb20-2"></a> <span class="fu">rename</span>(<span class="at">nouveau_nom =</span> ancien_nom) <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb20-3"><a href="#cb20-3"></a> <span class="fu">head</span>(<span class="dv">6</span>)</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Renommer la colonne <code>island</code> en <code>palmer_island</code></p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb21"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb21-1"><a href="#cb21-1"></a>penguins <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb21-2"><a href="#cb21-2"></a> <span class="fu">rename</span>(<span class="at">palmer_island =</span> island) <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb21-3"><a href="#cb21-3"></a> <span class="fu">head</span>(<span class="dv">6</span>)</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</div><div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<p><img data-src="img/rename_sm.jpeg"></p>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="relocaliser-des-colonnes" class="slide level2"><h2>Relocaliser des colonnes</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>Utilisez <code>relocate()</code> pour changer la position des colonnes, en utilisant la même syntaxe que <code>select()</code> pour faciliter le déplacement de blocs de colonnes en une seule fois.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="columns">
<div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb22"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb22-1"><a href="#cb22-1"></a>df <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">tibble</span>(</span>
<span id="cb22-2"><a href="#cb22-2"></a> <span class="at">a =</span> <span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="at">b =</span> <span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="at">c =</span> <span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="at">d =</span> <span class="st">"a"</span>, <span class="at">e =</span> <span class="st">"a"</span>, <span class="at">f =</span> <span class="st">"a"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb22-3"><a href="#cb22-3"></a>df <span class="sc">%>%</span> <span class="fu">relocate</span>(f)</span>
<span id="cb22-4"><a href="#cb22-4"></a>df <span class="sc">%>%</span> <span class="fu">relocate</span>(f,<span class="at">.before =</span> c)</span>
<span id="cb22-5"><a href="#cb22-5"></a>df <span class="sc">%>%</span> <span class="fu">relocate</span>(c<span class="sc">:</span>f,<span class="at">.after =</span> a)</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</div><div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<p><img data-src="img/relocate.png"></p>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="résumé-de-données" class="slide level2"><h2>Résumé de données</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>Pour obtenir des résumés de données, on utilisera la combinaison <code>group_by() + summarise()</code>. C’est le duo infernal du tidyverse.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Les données de <code>gapminder</code> contient beaucoup de pays (<code>country</code>) et variables dont l’espérance de vie (<code>LifeExp</code>). On peut être interresser par le calcul de la moyenne, de l’écart type ainsi que l’intervalle interquartile de l’espérance de vie par pays. Nous reviendrons sur <code>les statistiques</code> .</p>
<p>Le code suivant le fait</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb23"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb23-1"><a href="#cb23-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(gapminder)</span>
<span id="cb23-2"><a href="#cb23-2"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(tidyverse)</span>
<span id="cb23-3"><a href="#cb23-3"></a>gapminder <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb23-4"><a href="#cb23-4"></a> <span class="fu">group_by</span>(country) <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb23-5"><a href="#cb23-5"></a> <span class="fu">summarise</span>(</span>
<span id="cb23-6"><a href="#cb23-6"></a> <span class="at">esp_mean =</span> <span class="fu">mean</span>(lifeExp, <span class="at">na.rm =</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>),</span>
<span id="cb23-7"><a href="#cb23-7"></a> <span class="at">esp_sd =</span> <span class="fu">sd</span>(lifeExp,<span class="at">na.rm =</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>),</span>
<span id="cb23-8"><a href="#cb23-8"></a> <span class="at">esp_iqr =</span> <span class="fu">IQR</span>(lifeExp, <span class="at">na.rm =</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>)</span>
<span id="cb23-9"><a href="#cb23-9"></a> )</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<h3 id="puissant-nest-ce-pas">Puissant n’est-ce pas?</h3>
</section><section id="exemple-de-workflow" class="slide level2"><h2>Exemple de workflow</h2>
<p><br></p>
<p>Que fait ce code ?</p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb24"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb24-1"><a href="#cb24-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(gapminder)</span>
<span id="cb24-2"><a href="#cb24-2"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(tidyverse)</span>
<span id="cb24-3"><a href="#cb24-3"></a>gapminder <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb24-4"><a href="#cb24-4"></a> <span class="fu">select</span>(continent<span class="sc">:</span>gdpPercap) <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb24-5"><a href="#cb24-5"></a> <span class="fu">filter</span>(<span class="fu">between</span>(year, <span class="dv">1950</span>,<span class="dv">1990</span>)) <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb24-6"><a href="#cb24-6"></a> <span class="fu">group_by</span>(continent) <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb24-7"><a href="#cb24-7"></a> <span class="fu">summarise</span>(</span>
<span id="cb24-8"><a href="#cb24-8"></a> <span class="at">exp_mean =</span> <span class="fu">mean</span>(lifeExp, <span class="at">na.rm =</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>),</span>
<span id="cb24-9"><a href="#cb24-9"></a> <span class="at">pop_mean =</span> <span class="fu">mean</span>(pop, <span class="at">na.rm =</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>),</span>
<span id="cb24-10"><a href="#cb24-10"></a> <span class="at">gdp_mean =</span> <span class="fu">mean</span>(gdpPercap, <span class="at">na.rm =</span><span class="cn">TRUE</span>)</span>
<span id="cb24-11"><a href="#cb24-11"></a> )</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
<p>Voyez vous à quel point R est puissant ? Le pipe facilite la lecture, rend le code élégant.</p>
<p>La grande touche? Le tidyverse fait parler le code. Voilà pourquoi il faut bien l’apprendre.</p>
</section><section id="rendre-tidy-les-données" class="slide level2"><h2>Rendre tidy les données</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>Un jeu de données est dit tidy si il respecte les conditions de noms édictées plus haut, si une colonne représente une variable, une ligne un observation.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Pour des raisons pratiques ou de méconnaissance, la plupart des données issues de la vies réelles ne sont pas tidy. Cela surcharge d’avantage l’analyste car les données doivent être nettoyées, reformater au besoin. Nous verrons comment pivoter un jeux de données.</p>
<div class="columns">
<div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<p><strong>Tableau long à compact</strong></p>
<p><br></p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb25"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb25-1"><a href="#cb25-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(gapminder)</span>
<span id="cb25-2"><a href="#cb25-2"></a>wider <span class="ot"><-</span> gapminder <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb25-3"><a href="#cb25-3"></a> <span class="fu">select</span>(year,country,lifeExp) <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb25-4"><a href="#cb25-4"></a> <span class="fu">pivot_wider</span>(</span>
<span id="cb25-5"><a href="#cb25-5"></a> <span class="at">id_cols =</span> country,</span>
<span id="cb25-6"><a href="#cb25-6"></a> <span class="at">names_from =</span> <span class="st">"year"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb25-7"><a href="#cb25-7"></a> <span class="at">names_prefix =</span> <span class="st">"year_"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb25-8"><a href="#cb25-8"></a> <span class="at">values_from =</span> lifeExp</span>
<span id="cb25-9"><a href="#cb25-9"></a> )</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</div><div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<p><strong>Tableau Compact à Long</strong></p>
<p><br></p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb26"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb26-1"><a href="#cb26-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(gapminder)</span>
<span id="cb26-2"><a href="#cb26-2"></a>longer <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">pivot_longer</span>(</span>
<span id="cb26-3"><a href="#cb26-3"></a> wider,</span>
<span id="cb26-4"><a href="#cb26-4"></a> <span class="at">cols =</span> <span class="sc">-</span>country,</span>
<span id="cb26-5"><a href="#cb26-5"></a> <span class="at">names_to =</span> <span class="st">"year"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb26-6"><a href="#cb26-6"></a> <span class="at">values_to =</span> <span class="st">"life"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb26-7"><a href="#cb26-7"></a> <span class="at">names_prefix =</span> <span class="st">"year_"</span>)</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="statistique-descriptive" class="slide level2"><h2>Statistique descriptive</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>La statistique descriptive permet de résumer au mieux les données en calculant des paramètres bien précis. Elle permet également d’inspecter, de jeter un coup d’oeil rapide sur un jeu de données.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Les paramètres clés à calculer sont les suivants :</p>
<div class="columns">
<div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<p><strong>Paramètres de tendance centrale</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><p>Moyenne, médiane</p></li>
<li><p>Minimum, maximum</p></li>
<li><p>Quartiles (plus généralement quantiles)</p></li>
</ul>
</div><div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<p><strong>Paramètre de formes, de dispersion</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><p>étendue, intervalle interquartile</p></li>
<li><p>écart type, variance, coefficient de variation</p></li>
<li><p>coeficient d’assymétrie, d’aplatissement</p></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<p><br></p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb27"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb27-1"><a href="#cb27-1"></a>avg <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">mean</span>(x); med <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">median</span>(x) ; sd <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">sd</span>(x)</span>
<span id="cb27-2"><a href="#cb27-2"></a>q2 <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">quantile</span>(x, <span class="at">prob =</span> .<span class="dv">25</span>); min <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">min</span>(x)</span>
<span id="cb27-3"><a href="#cb27-3"></a>max <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">max</span>(x);range <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">rang</span>(x); iqr <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">IQR</span>(x)</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section><section id="statistique-descriptive-1" class="slide level2"><h2>Statistique descriptive</h2>
<p>La puissance de <code>dlookr</code></p>
<p><br></p>
<div class="columns">
<div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb28"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb28-1"><a href="#cb28-1"></a><span class="co"># beaucoup de percentile</span></span>
<span id="cb28-2"><a href="#cb28-2"></a>gapminder <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb28-3"><a href="#cb28-3"></a> <span class="fu">select</span>(<span class="fu">where</span>(is.numeric),<span class="sc">-</span>year) <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb28-4"><a href="#cb28-4"></a> <span class="fu">describe</span>()</span>
<span id="cb28-5"><a href="#cb28-5"></a><span class="co"># choix</span></span>
<span id="cb28-6"><a href="#cb28-6"></a>gapminder <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb28-7"><a href="#cb28-7"></a> <span class="fu">select</span>(<span class="fu">where</span>(is.numeric),<span class="sc">-</span>year) <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb28-8"><a href="#cb28-8"></a> <span class="fu">describe</span>(<span class="at">quantiles =</span><span class="fu">c</span>(.<span class="dv">25</span>,.<span class="dv">50</span>,.<span class="dv">75</span>))</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</div><div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<p><img data-src="img/Screenshot%202022-10-22%20at%2012.16.14.png"></p>
</div>
</div>
<p>Savoir plus sur les possibilités de <code>dlookr</code> : <a href="https://choonghyunryu.github.io/dlookr/articles/introduce.html">introduce dlookr</a></p>
<p>La chaîne youtube du magnifique Yuri : <a href="https://youtu.be/M7eNYbd4n1Y">R package reviews {dlookr} diagnose, explore and transform your data</a></p>
</section><section id="exporter-des-résultats" class="slide level2"><h2>Exporter des résultats</h2>
<p><br></p>
<p>Les analyses effectuées sous R peuvent être exporter, les options disponibles sont très variées mais le plus souvent on a besoin des sorties dans des fichiers textes plats ou Excel.</p>
<div class="columns">
<div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<p><strong>Fichier csv</strong></p>
<p><br></p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb29"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb29-1"><a href="#cb29-1"></a><span class="co"># choix</span></span>
<span id="cb29-2"><a href="#cb29-2"></a>gapminder <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb29-3"><a href="#cb29-3"></a> <span class="fu">select</span>(<span class="fu">where</span>(is.numeric),<span class="sc">-</span>year) <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb29-4"><a href="#cb29-4"></a> <span class="fu">describe</span>(<span class="at">quantiles =</span><span class="fu">c</span>(.<span class="dv">25</span>,.<span class="dv">50</span>,.<span class="dv">75</span>)) <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb29-5"><a href="#cb29-5"></a> <span class="fu">vroom_write</span>(</span>
<span id="cb29-6"><a href="#cb29-6"></a> <span class="at">file =</span> <span class="st">"ouput/stats.csv"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb29-7"><a href="#cb29-7"></a> <span class="at">col_names =</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span id="cb29-8"><a href="#cb29-8"></a> <span class="at">na =</span> <span class="st">"NA"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb29-9"><a href="#cb29-9"></a> <span class="at">delim =</span> <span class="st">","</span></span>
<span id="cb29-10"><a href="#cb29-10"></a> )</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</div><div class="column" style="width:50%;">
<p><strong>Fichier Excel</strong></p>
<p><br></p>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb30"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb30-1"><a href="#cb30-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(writexl)</span>
<span id="cb30-2"><a href="#cb30-2"></a><span class="co"># choix</span></span>
<span id="cb30-3"><a href="#cb30-3"></a>gapminder <span class="sc">%>%</span> </span>
<span id="cb30-4"><a href="#cb30-4"></a> <span class="fu">select</span>(<span class="fu">where</span>(is.numeric),<span class="sc">-</span>year) <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb30-5"><a href="#cb30-5"></a> <span class="fu">describe</span>(<span class="at">quantiles =</span><span class="fu">c</span>(.<span class="dv">25</span>,.<span class="dv">50</span>,.<span class="dv">75</span>)) <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb30-6"><a href="#cb30-6"></a> <span class="fu">write_xlsx</span>(</span>
<span id="cb30-7"><a href="#cb30-7"></a> <span class="at">path =</span> <span class="st">"ouput/stats.xlsx"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb30-8"><a href="#cb30-8"></a> <span class="at">col_names =</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span id="cb30-9"><a href="#cb30-9"></a> <span class="at">format_headers =</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span></span>
<span id="cb30-10"><a href="#cb30-10"></a> )</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section><section id="visualisation-de-données" class="slide level2"><h2>Visualisation de données</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>” Une image vaut mille mots”</p>
</blockquote>
<p>La visualisation est capitale en analyse de données. Elle permet de ressortir assez de caractéristiques des données et de représenter de façon visuelle les résultats. La librairie nouvelle génération de graphique est ggplot2.</p>
<ul>
<li>Une syntaxe simple et intuitive :</li>
</ul>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode cell-code" id="cb31"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb31-1"><a href="#cb31-1"></a><span class="fu">ggplot</span>(</span>
<span id="cb31-2"><a href="#cb31-2"></a> <span class="at">data =</span> <span class="sc"><</span>DATA<span class="sc">></span>,</span>
<span id="cb31-3"><a href="#cb31-3"></a> <span class="at">mapping =</span> <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> <span class="sc"><</span>XVAR<span class="sc">></span>, <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="sc"><</span>YVAR<span class="sc">></span>))<span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb31-4"><a href="#cb31-4"></a> geom_<span class="sc"><</span>TYPE<span class="sc">></span>()</span>
<span id="cb31-5"><a href="#cb31-5"></a><span class="sc"><</span>TYPE<span class="sc">></span> <span class="er">:</span> boxplot, line, point, histogram, density,...</span></code><button title="Copier vers le presse-papier" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
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<ul>