diff --git a/bld/wipfc/cpp/acvwport.cpp b/bld/wipfc/cpp/acvwport.cpp
index 44cfcf19e3..8d64368be8 100644
--- a/bld/wipfc/cpp/acvwport.cpp
+++ b/bld/wipfc/cpp/acvwport.cpp
@@ -234,26 +234,29 @@ void AcViewport::buildText( Cell* cell )
         esc.push_back( static_cast< STD1::uint8_t >( objectName.size() + 1 ) );
         if( !objectName.empty() ) {
             std::string buffer;
-            wtombstring( objectName, buffer );
+            wtomb_string( objectName, buffer );
             std::size_t bytes( buffer.size() );
-            for( std::size_t count1 = 0; count1 < bytes; ++count1 )
+            for( std::size_t count1 = 0; count1 < bytes; ++count1 ) {
                 esc.push_back( static_cast< STD1::uint8_t >( buffer[ count1 ] ) );
+            }
         }
         esc.push_back( static_cast< STD1::uint8_t >( dll.size() + 1 ) );
         if( !dll.empty() ) {
             std::string buffer;
-            wtombstring( dll, buffer );
+            wtomb_string( dll, buffer );
             std::size_t bytes( buffer.size() );
-            for( std::size_t count1 = 0; count1 < bytes; ++count1 )
+            for( std::size_t count1 = 0; count1 < bytes; ++count1 ) {
                 esc.push_back( static_cast< STD1::uint8_t >( buffer[ count1 ] ) );
+            }
         }
         esc.push_back( static_cast< STD1::uint8_t >( objectInfo.size() + 1 ) );
         if( !objectInfo.empty() ) {
             std::string buffer;
-            wtombstring( objectInfo, buffer );
+            wtomb_string( objectInfo, buffer );
             std::size_t bytes( buffer.size() );
-            for( std::size_t count1 = 0; count1 < bytes; ++count1 )
+            for( std::size_t count1 = 0; count1 < bytes; ++count1 ) {
                 esc.push_back( static_cast< STD1::uint8_t >( buffer[ count1 ] ) );
+            }
         }
         if( doOrigin || doSize ) {
             STD1::uint8_t flag( 0xC0 );
@@ -265,13 +268,15 @@ void AcViewport::buildText( Cell* cell )
             esc.push_back( 0 );
             if( doOrigin ) {
                 STD1::uint8_t* src = reinterpret_cast< STD1::uint8_t* >( &origin );
-                for( std::size_t count1 = 0; count1 < sizeof( PageOrigin ); ++count1, ++src)
+                for( std::size_t count1 = 0; count1 < sizeof( PageOrigin ); ++count1, ++src ) {
                     esc.push_back( *src );
+                }
             }
             if( doSize ) {
                 STD1::uint8_t* src = reinterpret_cast< STD1::uint8_t* >( &size );
-                for( std::size_t count1 = 0; count1 < sizeof( PageSize ); ++count1, ++src)
+                for( std::size_t count1 = 0; count1 < sizeof( PageSize ); ++count1, ++src ) {
                     esc.push_back( *src );
+                }
             }
         }
         esc[ 1 ] = static_cast< STD1::uint8_t >( esc.size() - 1 );
diff --git a/bld/wipfc/cpp/compiler.cpp b/bld/wipfc/cpp/compiler.cpp
index 8c4ccc95f9..a9e6f24d2e 100644
--- a/bld/wipfc/cpp/compiler.cpp
+++ b/bld/wipfc/cpp/compiler.cpp
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Compiler::~Compiler()
 void Compiler::setInputFile( std::string& name )
 {
     std::wstring* wname( new std::wstring() );
-    mbtowstring( name, *wname );
+    mbtow_string( name, *wname );
     wname = addFileName( wname );
     inFiles.push_back( new IpfFile( wname ) );
 }
diff --git a/bld/wipfc/cpp/ctrlbtn.cpp b/bld/wipfc/cpp/ctrlbtn.cpp
index 6eb2b8e271..174d0f1447 100644
--- a/bld/wipfc/cpp/ctrlbtn.cpp
+++ b/bld/wipfc/cpp/ctrlbtn.cpp
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ STD1::uint32_t ControlButton::write( std::FILE *out ) const
     if( std::fwrite( &res, sizeof( STD1::uint16_t), 1, out) != 1 ) 
         throw FatalError( ERR_WRITE );
     std::string buffer;
-    wtombstring( txt, buffer );
+    wtomb_string( txt, buffer );
     std::size_t length( buffer.size() );
     if( length > 255 ) {
         buffer.erase( 255 );
diff --git a/bld/wipfc/cpp/document.cpp b/bld/wipfc/cpp/document.cpp
index 2511633603..650bdbf2e5 100644
--- a/bld/wipfc/cpp/document.cpp
+++ b/bld/wipfc/cpp/document.cpp
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ Document::Document( Compiler& c, const char* loc ) :
     fonts.reset( new FontCollection( codePage() ) );
     FontEntry fnt;
     char buffer[ sizeof( fnt.faceName ) ];
-    std::size_t size( std::wcstombs( buffer, cgraphicFontFaceName().c_str(), sizeof( fnt.faceName ) ) );
+    std::size_t size( wtomb_cstring( buffer, cgraphicFontFaceName().c_str(), sizeof( buffer ) - 1 ) );
     if( size == static_cast< std::size_t >( -1 ) )
         throw FatalError( ERR_T_CONV );
     std::strncpy( fnt.faceName, buffer, sizeof( fnt.faceName ) );
@@ -604,7 +604,7 @@ void Document::makeBitmaps()
         try {
             for( BitmapNameIter itr = bitmapNames.begin(); itr != bitmapNames.end(); ++itr ) {
                 std::string fname;
-                wtombstring( itr->first, fname );
+                wtomb_string( itr->first, fname );
                 for( std::size_t count = 0; count < paths.size(); ++count ) {
                     std::string fullname( paths[ count ] );
                     if( !fullname.empty() )
@@ -875,13 +875,13 @@ Lexer::Token Document::processCommand( Lexer* lexer, Tag* parent )
         std::string::size_type idx1( 0 );
         std::string::size_type idx2( env.find_first_of( separators, idx1 ) );
         std::wstring fbuffer;
-        mbtowstring( env.substr( idx1, idx2 - idx1 ), fbuffer );
+        mbtow_string( env.substr( idx1, idx2 - idx1 ), fbuffer );
         paths.push_back( fbuffer );
         while( idx2 != std::string::npos ) {
             idx1 = idx2 + 1;
             idx2 = env.find_first_of( separators, idx1 );
             fbuffer.clear();
-            mbtowstring( env.substr( idx1, idx2 - idx1 ), fbuffer );
+            mbtow_string( env.substr( idx1, idx2 - idx1 ), fbuffer );
             paths.push_back( fbuffer );
         }
         for( std::size_t count = 0; count < paths.size(); ++count ) {
diff --git a/bld/wipfc/cpp/extfiles.cpp b/bld/wipfc/cpp/extfiles.cpp
index 6309de157d..c102cd8236 100644
--- a/bld/wipfc/cpp/extfiles.cpp
+++ b/bld/wipfc/cpp/extfiles.cpp
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ STD1::uint32_t ExternalFiles::write( std::FILE *out )
     STD1::uint32_t start( std::ftell( out ) );
     for( ConstTableIter itr = table.begin(); itr != table.end(); ++itr ) {
         std::string buffer;
-        wtombstring( itr->first, buffer );
+        wtomb_string( itr->first, buffer );
         std::size_t length( buffer.size() );
         if( length > 255 ) {
             buffer.erase( 255 );
diff --git a/bld/wipfc/cpp/font.cpp b/bld/wipfc/cpp/font.cpp
index 64c7f13b11..d4af0dcd87 100644
--- a/bld/wipfc/cpp/font.cpp
+++ b/bld/wipfc/cpp/font.cpp
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Lexer::Token Font::parse( Lexer* lexer )
                     fnt.height = 0;
                     fnt.width = 0;
                     isDefault = true;
-                } else if( std::wcstombs( &fnt.faceName[0], value.c_str(), sizeof( fnt.faceName ) / sizeof( char ) ) == static_cast< std::size_t >( -1 ) ) {
+                } else if( wtomb_cstring( fnt.faceName, value.c_str(), sizeof( fnt.faceName ) - 1 ) == static_cast< std::size_t >( -1 ) ) {
                     throw( ERR_T_CONV );
                 }
             } else if( key == L"size" ) {
diff --git a/bld/wipfc/cpp/gdword.cpp b/bld/wipfc/cpp/gdword.cpp
index 710cd64b96..ce6a3c7b8d 100644
--- a/bld/wipfc/cpp/gdword.cpp
+++ b/bld/wipfc/cpp/gdword.cpp
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include "gdword.hpp"
 #include "errors.hpp"
+#include "util.hpp"
 
 void GlobalDictionaryWord::toUpper()
 {
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ std::size_t GlobalDictionaryWord::writeWord( std::FILE* out ) const
 {
     char buffer[ 256 ];
     std::size_t written;
-    std::size_t length( std::wcstombs( buffer, text.c_str(), sizeof( buffer ) / sizeof( char ) ) );
+    std::size_t length( wtomb_cstring( buffer, text.c_str(), sizeof( buffer ) - 1 ) );
     if( length == static_cast< std::size_t >( -1 ) )
         throw FatalError( ERR_T_CONV );
     if( length > 254 )
diff --git a/bld/wipfc/cpp/hide.cpp b/bld/wipfc/cpp/hide.cpp
index 24ae2fe033..9bf053700b 100644
--- a/bld/wipfc/cpp/hide.cpp
+++ b/bld/wipfc/cpp/hide.cpp
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ Lexer::Token Hide::parse( Lexer* lexer )
 void Hide::buildText( Cell* cell )
 {
     std::string tmp;
-    wtombstring( keyPhrase, tmp );
+    wtomb_string( keyPhrase, tmp );
     std::size_t size( tmp.size() );
     if( size > 253 ) {
         tmp.erase( 253 );
diff --git a/bld/wipfc/cpp/hn.cpp b/bld/wipfc/cpp/hn.cpp
index dc049d90b9..8a28638ce8 100644
--- a/bld/wipfc/cpp/hn.cpp
+++ b/bld/wipfc/cpp/hn.cpp
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ Lexer::Token Hn::parse( Lexer* lexer )
         tok = document->getNextToken();
     }
     //convert to mbs, max 255 char
-    wtombstring( tmp, title );
+    wtomb_string( tmp, title );
     if( title.size() > 255 )
         title.erase( 255 );
     tok = document->getNextToken();
@@ -613,7 +613,7 @@ void Hn::buildText( Cell* cell )
 {
     if( etoc.setTutor ) {
         std::string tmp;
-        wtombstring( tutorial, tmp );
+        wtomb_string( tutorial, tmp );
         std::size_t size1( tmp.size() );
         if( size1 > 253 ) {
             tmp.erase( 253 );
diff --git a/bld/wipfc/cpp/index.cpp b/bld/wipfc/cpp/index.cpp
index afc2dc7e96..7320589c6f 100644
--- a/bld/wipfc/cpp/index.cpp
+++ b/bld/wipfc/cpp/index.cpp
@@ -109,10 +109,10 @@ std::size_t IndexItem::write( std::FILE* out )
     std::size_t length1( 0 );
     std::size_t length2( 0 );
     if( hdr.sortKey ) {
-        wtombstring( sortKey, buffer1 );
+        wtomb_string( sortKey, buffer1 );
         length1 = buffer1.size();
     }
-    wtombstring( text, buffer2 );
+    wtomb_string( text, buffer2 );
     length2 = buffer2.size();
     if( length1 + length2 > 254 ) {
         length2 = length1 > 254 ? 0 : 254 - length1;
diff --git a/bld/wipfc/cpp/ipffile.cpp b/bld/wipfc/cpp/ipffile.cpp
index 2bc3f3ed7e..93ae157c2c 100644
--- a/bld/wipfc/cpp/ipffile.cpp
+++ b/bld/wipfc/cpp/ipffile.cpp
@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@
     #include <mbctype.h>
 #endif
 
-IpfFile::IpfFile( const std::wstring*  fname ) : IpfData(), fileName ( fname ),
+IpfFile::IpfFile( const std::wstring* fname ) : IpfData(), fileName ( fname ),
     ungottenChar( WEOF ), ungotten( false )
 {
     std::string buffer;
-    wtombstring( *fname, buffer );
+    wtomb_string( *fname, buffer );
     if(( stream = std::fopen( buffer.c_str(), "rb" ) ) == 0)
         throw FatalIOError( ERR_OPEN, *fileName );
 }
@@ -94,17 +94,18 @@ std::wint_t IpfFile::readMBChar()
     if( ungotten ) {
         ch = ungottenChar;
         ungotten = false;
-    }
-    else {
+    } else {
         char    mbc[ MB_LEN_MAX ];
         if( std::fread( &mbc[0], sizeof( char ), 1, stream ) != 1 )
             return WEOF;
-        else if( _ismbblead( mbc[0] ) ) {
-            if( std::fread( &mbc[1], sizeof( char ), 1, stream ) != 1 )
+        if( _ismbblead( mbc[0] ) ) {
+            if( std::fread( &mbc[1], sizeof( char ), 1, stream ) != 1 ) {
                 return WEOF;
+            }
         }
-        if( std::mbtowc( &ch, mbc, MB_CUR_MAX ) < 0 )
+        if( mbtow_char( &ch, mbc, MB_CUR_MAX ) < 0 ) {
             throw FatalError( ERR_T_CONV );
+        }
     }
     return ch;
 }
diff --git a/bld/wipfc/cpp/isyn.cpp b/bld/wipfc/cpp/isyn.cpp
index 319591668b..96b3284d83 100644
--- a/bld/wipfc/cpp/isyn.cpp
+++ b/bld/wipfc/cpp/isyn.cpp
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ Lexer::Token ISyn::parse( Lexer* lexer )
     while( tok != Lexer::END && !( tok == Lexer::TAG && lexer->tagId() == Lexer::EUSERDOC)) {
         if( tok == Lexer::WORD ) {
             char buffer[ 256 ];
-            std::size_t length( std::wcstombs( buffer, lexer->text().c_str(), sizeof(buffer) / sizeof(char) ) );
+            std::size_t length( wtomb_cstring( buffer, lexer->text().c_str(), sizeof( buffer ) - 1 ) );
             if( length == static_cast< std::size_t >( -1 ) )
                 throw FatalError( ERR_T_CONV );
             std::string txt( buffer );
diff --git a/bld/wipfc/cpp/link.cpp b/bld/wipfc/cpp/link.cpp
index e5e88a2f8b..44c23b636a 100644
--- a/bld/wipfc/cpp/link.cpp
+++ b/bld/wipfc/cpp/link.cpp
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ void Link::doTopic( Cell* cell )
             esc.push_back( static_cast< STD1::uint8_t >( index ) );
             //esc.push_back( static_cast< STD1::uint8_t >( index >> 8 ) );
             std::string tmp;
-            wtombstring( refid->getText(), tmp );
+            wtomb_string( refid->getText(), tmp );
             std::size_t tmpsize( tmp.size() );
             esc.push_back( static_cast< STD1::uint8_t >( tmpsize ) );
             if( hypergraphic && ( x || y || cx || cy ) ) {
@@ -617,9 +617,9 @@ void Link::doLaunch( Cell* cell )
             esc.push_back( static_cast< STD1::uint8_t >( cy >> 8 ) );
         }
         std::string buffer;
-        wtombstring( object, buffer );
+        wtomb_string( object, buffer );
         buffer += ' ';
-        wtombstring( data, buffer );
+        wtomb_string( data, buffer );
         std::size_t buffersize( buffer.size() );
         if( buffersize > 255 - esc.size() + 1 ) {
             buffersize = 255 - esc.size() + 1;
diff --git a/bld/wipfc/cpp/nls.cpp b/bld/wipfc/cpp/nls.cpp
index 00096d91ce..131b0d8f9a 100644
--- a/bld/wipfc/cpp/nls.cpp
+++ b/bld/wipfc/cpp/nls.cpp
@@ -151,12 +151,12 @@ void Nls::readEntityFile( std::FILE *entty )
     while( std::fgets( buffer, sizeof( buffer ) / sizeof( char ), entty ) ) {
         std::size_t len = std::strlen( buffer );
         killEOL( buffer + len - 1 );
-        offset = std::mbtowc( &c, buffer, len );
+        offset = mbtow_char( &c, buffer, len );
         if( offset == -1 )
             throw FatalError( ERR_T_CONV );
         if( offset > 1 )
             useDBCS = true;
-        len = std::mbstowcs( text, buffer + offset, sizeof( text ) / sizeof( wchar_t ) );
+        len = mbtow_cstring( text, buffer + offset, sizeof( text ) / sizeof( wchar_t ) - 1 );
         if( len == static_cast< std::size_t >( -1 ))
             throw FatalError( ERR_T_CONV );
         text[len] = L'\0';
diff --git a/bld/wipfc/cpp/strings.cpp b/bld/wipfc/cpp/strings.cpp
index 71b34768db..df6b92afd0 100644
--- a/bld/wipfc/cpp/strings.cpp
+++ b/bld/wipfc/cpp/strings.cpp
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include "strings.hpp"
 #include "errors.hpp"
+#include "util.hpp"
 
 STD1::uint32_t StringTable::write( std::FILE *out )
 {
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ STD1::uint32_t StringTable::write( std::FILE *out )
     for( ConstTableIter itr = table.begin(); itr != table.end(); ++itr ) {
         char buffer[ 256 ];
         std::size_t written;
-        std::size_t length( std::wcstombs( buffer, itr->c_str(), sizeof( buffer ) / sizeof( char ) ) );
+        std::size_t length( wtomb_cstring( buffer, itr->c_str(), sizeof( buffer ) - 1 ) );
         if( length == static_cast< std::size_t >( -1 ) )
             throw FatalError( ERR_T_CONV );
         if( std::fputc( static_cast< STD1::uint8_t >( length + 1 ), out ) == EOF ||
diff --git a/bld/wipfc/cpp/title.cpp b/bld/wipfc/cpp/title.cpp
index efea1165e6..e6e4e6159a 100644
--- a/bld/wipfc/cpp/title.cpp
+++ b/bld/wipfc/cpp/title.cpp
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include "title.hpp"
 #include "lexer.hpp"
 #include "document.hpp"
+#include "util.hpp"
 
 Lexer::Token Title::parse( Lexer* lexer, IpfHeader* hdr )
 {
@@ -58,12 +59,11 @@ Lexer::Token Title::parse( Lexer* lexer, IpfHeader* hdr )
             tok == Lexer::WORD ||
             tok == Lexer::PUNCTUATION ) {
             txt += lexer->text();
-        }
-        else if( tok == Lexer::ENTITY ) {
+        } else if( tok == Lexer::ENTITY ) {
             const std::wstring* exp( document->nameit( lexer->text() ) );
-            if( exp )
+            if( exp ) {
                 txt += *exp;
-            else {
+            } else {
                 try {
                     wchar_t ch( document->entity( lexer->text() ) );
                     txt += ch;
@@ -72,22 +72,16 @@ Lexer::Token Title::parse( Lexer* lexer, IpfHeader* hdr )
                     document->printError( e.code );
                 }
             }
-        }
-        else if( tok == Lexer::END )
+        } else if( tok == Lexer::END ) {
             throw FatalError( ERR_EOF );
-        else
+        } else {
             break;
+        }
         tok = document->getNextToken();
     }
     if( txt.size() > 47 )
         document->printError( ERR2_TEXTTOOLONG );
-    std::size_t index1 = 0;
-    std::size_t index2 = 0;
-    char *title( hdr->title );
-    while( index1 < txt.size() && index2 < 47 ) {
-        index2 += std::wctomb( title + index2, txt[ index1 ] );
-        ++index1 ;
-    }
+    wtomb_cstring( hdr->title, txt.c_str(), sizeof( hdr->title ) - 1 );
     return tok;
 }
 
diff --git a/bld/wipfc/cpp/util.cpp b/bld/wipfc/cpp/util.cpp
index 7957d32f88..fd2dfc4756 100644
--- a/bld/wipfc/cpp/util.cpp
+++ b/bld/wipfc/cpp/util.cpp
@@ -166,12 +166,61 @@ std::string canonicalPath( char* arg )
 #endif
     return fullpath;
 }
+
+int wtomb_char( char *mbc, wchar_t wc )
+{
+    return( std::wctomb( mbc, wc ) );
+}
+
+int mbtow_char( wchar_t *wc, const char *mbc, std::size_t len )
+{
+    return( std::mbtowc( wc, mbc, len ) );
+}
+
+std::size_t wtomb_cstring( char *dst_mbc, const wchar_t *src_wc, std::size_t len )
+{
+    std::size_t dst_len = 0;
+    char        mbc[MB_LEN_MAX + 1];
+    int         bytes;
+
+    while( len > 0 && *src_wc != L'\0' ) {
+        bytes = wtomb_char( mbc, *src_wc );
+        if( bytes == -1 || bytes > len )
+            return( static_cast<std::size_t>( -1 ) );
+        std::memcpy( dst_mbc, mbc, bytes );
+        dst_mbc += bytes;
+        dst_len += bytes;
+        len -= bytes;
+        src_wc++;
+    }
+    *dst_mbc = '\0';
+    return( dst_len );
+}
+
+std::size_t mbtow_cstring( wchar_t *dst_wc, const char *src_mbc, std::size_t len )
+{
+    std::size_t dst_len = 0;
+    int         bytes;
+
+    while( len > 0 && *src_mbc != '\0' ) {
+        bytes = mbtow_char( dst_wc, src_mbc, MB_LEN_MAX );
+        if( bytes == -1 )
+            return( static_cast<std::size_t>( -1 ) );
+        dst_wc++;
+        dst_len++;
+        len--;
+        src_mbc += bytes;
+    }
+    *dst_wc = L'\0';
+    return( dst_len );
+}
+
 /*****************************************************************************/
-void wtombstring( const std::wstring& input, std::string& output )
+void wtomb_string( const std::wstring& input, std::string& output )
 {
     for( std::size_t index = 0; index < input.size(); ++index ) {
         char ch[ MB_LEN_MAX + 1 ];
-        int  bytes( std::wctomb( &ch[ 0 ], input[ index ] ) );
+        int  bytes( wtomb_char( &ch[ 0 ], input[ index ] ) );
         if( bytes == -1 )
             throw FatalError( ERR_T_CONV );
         ch[ bytes ] = '\0';
@@ -179,13 +228,13 @@ void wtombstring( const std::wstring& input, std::string& output )
     }
 }
 /*****************************************************************************/
-void mbtowstring( const std::string& input, std::wstring& output )
+void mbtow_string( const std::string& input, std::wstring& output )
 {
     int consumed;
 
     for( std::size_t index = 0; index < input.size(); index += consumed ) {
         wchar_t wch;
-        consumed = std::mbtowc( &wch, input.data() + index, MB_CUR_MAX );
+        consumed = mbtow_char( &wch, input.data() + index, MB_CUR_MAX );
         if( consumed == -1 )
             throw FatalError( ERR_T_CONV );
         output += wch;
diff --git a/bld/wipfc/cpp/util.hpp b/bld/wipfc/cpp/util.hpp
index 08809b465e..fba095222c 100644
--- a/bld/wipfc/cpp/util.hpp
+++ b/bld/wipfc/cpp/util.hpp
@@ -41,8 +41,12 @@ void splitAttribute( const std::wstring& text, std::wstring& key, std::wstring&
 void killEOL( char * text );
 void killEOL( wchar_t * text );
 std::string canonicalPath( char* arg );
-void wtombstring( const std::wstring& input, std::string& output );
-void mbtowstring( const std::string& input, std::wstring& output );
+int wtomb_char( char *mbc, wchar_t wc );
+int mbtow_char( wchar_t *wc, const char *mbc, std::size_t len );
+std::size_t wtomb_cstring( char *mbc, const wchar_t *wc, std::size_t len );
+std::size_t mbtow_cstring( wchar_t *wc, const char *mbc, std::size_t len );
+void wtomb_string( const std::wstring& input, std::string& output );
+void mbtow_string( const std::string& input, std::wstring& output );
 char *skipWS( char *text );
 wchar_t *skipWS( wchar_t *text );