diff --git a/src/core/event_engine/mod.rs b/src/core/event_engine/mod.rs
index e4394f6b..450d5684 100644
--- a/src/core/event_engine/mod.rs
+++ b/src/core/event_engine/mod.rs
@@ -215,10 +215,10 @@ mod should {
             Transition {
                 invocations: self
                     .exit()
-                    .unwrap_or(vec![])
+                    .unwrap_or_default()
                     .into_iter()
-                    .chain(invocations.unwrap_or(vec![]))
-                    .chain(state.enter().unwrap_or(vec![]))
+                    .chain(invocations.unwrap_or_default())
+                    .chain(state.enter().unwrap_or_default())
                     .collect(),
                 state,
             }
diff --git a/src/dx/presence/event_engine/state.rs b/src/dx/presence/event_engine/state.rs
index 09d0d24a..6af5ecc3 100644
--- a/src/dx/presence/event_engine/state.rs
+++ b/src/dx/presence/event_engine/state.rs
@@ -367,10 +367,10 @@ impl State for PresenceState {
         Transition {
             invocations: self
                 .exit()
-                .unwrap_or(vec![])
+                .unwrap_or_default()
                 .into_iter()
-                .chain(invocations.unwrap_or(vec![]))
-                .chain(state.enter().unwrap_or(vec![]))
+                .chain(invocations.unwrap_or_default())
+                .chain(state.enter().unwrap_or_default())
                 .collect(),
             state,
         }
diff --git a/src/dx/subscribe/event_engine/effects/handshake.rs b/src/dx/subscribe/event_engine/effects/handshake.rs
index 587df86a..5327c635 100644
--- a/src/dx/subscribe/event_engine/effects/handshake.rs
+++ b/src/dx/subscribe/event_engine/effects/handshake.rs
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ pub(super) async fn execute(
 ) -> Vec<SubscribeEvent> {
     info!(
         "Handshake for\nchannels: {:?}\nchannel groups: {:?}",
-        input.channels().unwrap_or(Vec::new()),
-        input.channel_groups().unwrap_or(Vec::new())
+        input.channels().unwrap_or_default(),
+        input.channel_groups().unwrap_or_default()
     );
 
     if input.is_empty {
diff --git a/src/dx/subscribe/event_engine/effects/handshake_reconnection.rs b/src/dx/subscribe/event_engine/effects/handshake_reconnection.rs
index d35c83b4..2cf5a6a5 100644
--- a/src/dx/subscribe/event_engine/effects/handshake_reconnection.rs
+++ b/src/dx/subscribe/event_engine/effects/handshake_reconnection.rs
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ pub(super) async fn execute(
 
     info!(
         "Handshake reconnection for\nchannels: {:?}\nchannel groups: {:?}",
-        input.channels().unwrap_or(Vec::new()),
-        input.channel_groups().unwrap_or(Vec::new())
+        input.channels().unwrap_or_default(),
+        input.channel_groups().unwrap_or_default()
     );
 
     if input.is_empty {
diff --git a/src/dx/subscribe/event_engine/effects/receive.rs b/src/dx/subscribe/event_engine/effects/receive.rs
index 1829892b..0f2d7830 100644
--- a/src/dx/subscribe/event_engine/effects/receive.rs
+++ b/src/dx/subscribe/event_engine/effects/receive.rs
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn execute(
     info!(
         "Receive at {:?} for\nchannels: {:?}\nchannel groups: {:?}",
         cursor.timetoken,
-        input.channels().unwrap_or(Vec::new()),
-        input.channel_groups().unwrap_or(Vec::new())
+        input.channels().unwrap_or_default(),
+        input.channel_groups().unwrap_or_default()
     );
 
     if input.is_empty {
diff --git a/src/dx/subscribe/event_engine/effects/receive_reconnection.rs b/src/dx/subscribe/event_engine/effects/receive_reconnection.rs
index eb472902..f3875f49 100644
--- a/src/dx/subscribe/event_engine/effects/receive_reconnection.rs
+++ b/src/dx/subscribe/event_engine/effects/receive_reconnection.rs
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn execute(
     info!(
         "Receive reconnection at {:?} for\nchannels: {:?}\nchannel groups: {:?}",
         cursor.timetoken,
-        input.channels().unwrap_or(Vec::new()),
-        input.channel_groups().unwrap_or(Vec::new())
+        input.channels().unwrap_or_default(),
+        input.channel_groups().unwrap_or_default()
     );
 
     if input.is_empty {
diff --git a/src/dx/subscribe/event_engine/state.rs b/src/dx/subscribe/event_engine/state.rs
index a4070258..f097c383 100644
--- a/src/dx/subscribe/event_engine/state.rs
+++ b/src/dx/subscribe/event_engine/state.rs
@@ -648,10 +648,10 @@ impl State for SubscribeState {
         Transition {
             invocations: self
                 .exit()
-                .unwrap_or(vec![])
+                .unwrap_or_default()
                 .into_iter()
-                .chain(invocations.unwrap_or(vec![]))
-                .chain(state.enter().unwrap_or(vec![]))
+                .chain(invocations.unwrap_or_default())
+                .chain(state.enter().unwrap_or_default())
                 .collect(),
             state,
         }