Add CMake to project, add C++ CI checks, allow for C++ extensions in Python #1550

Job	Run time
flake8	2m 5s
black	1m 55s
C++ Test Coverage (gets coverage of main branch, currently not main branch because no C++ on main)	2m 52s
Build + Test (C++) (Release, gcc, g++, 11)	1m 33s
format	10s
Build + Test (C++) (Release, clang, clang++, 14)	1m 50s
isort	2m 24s
Build + Test (C++) (Release, clang, clang++, 17, true)	3m 45s
mypy-typechecking	1m 57s
Build + Test (C++) (Debug, gcc, g++, 11)	1m 2s
pylint	3m 34s
tidy	1m 47s
unittests	11m 9s
Build + Test (C++) (Debug, gcc, g++, 12)	1m 5s
Build + Test (C++) (Debug, clang, clang++, 14)	1m 15s
Build + Test (C++) (Debug, clang, clang++, 17, true)	3m 3s
Build + Test (C++) (clang, clang++, 14, Tsan)	1m 16s
Build + Test (C++) (clang, clang++, 14, Asan)	1m 32s
Comment Coverage Results	3s
dockerized-unittests	9m 51s
integrationtests-asan	46m 53s
integrationtests-release	33m 38s
integrationtests-debug	33m 9s
integrationtests-Tsan	36m 45s
	3h 24m 33s

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