cowry

𓆩 Cowry < car.pu / bũy.car > cal shell vs crunch concha

Albanian: guaskë (sq) f
Azerbaijani: qabıq (az)
Belarusian: чарапа́шка f (čarapáška), па́нцыр m (páncyr)
Bulgarian: черупка (bg) f (čerupka)
Catalan: closca (ca) f, conquilla (ca) f, conxa f
Mandarin: 貝 (zh), 贝 (zh) (bèi), 貝殼 (zh), 贝壳 (zh) (bèiké)
Cornish: krogen f
Czech: krunýř (cs) m (of crustaceans)
Danish: skal (da) c, muslingeskal
Esperanto: konko
Estonian: koor (et), karp (et) (of a mollusc), koda (of a mollusc), kilp (of an arthropod or a turtle)
Finnish: kuori (fi), kilpi (fi), panssari (fi) (from thinnest to thickest)
French: coquille (fr) f, coquillage (fr) m
Galician: cuncha f
Hawaiian: pūpū, pū, ʻolē
Hindi: खोल (hi) f (khol)
Hungarian: kagyló (hu)
Icelandic: skel (is) f
Indonesian: kerang (id)
Irish: sliogán (ga) m
Italian: conchiglia (it) f
Japanese: 殻 (ja) (から, kara), 貝殻 (ja) (かいがら, kaigara)
Kabuverdianu: kónxa
Kazakh: бақалшық (baqalşıq), қабыршақ (qabırşaq), қабық (kk) (qabıq)
Khmer: ខ្យង (km) (khyɑɑng)
Korean: 조가비 (ko) (jogabi), 조개 (ko) (jogae) Arabic: صَدَفَة‎ (ar) f (ṣadafa)
Kyrgyz: раковина (ky) (rakovina), кабык (ky) (kabık)
Lao: ກະດອງ (ka dǭng)
Latvian: čaula f
Lithuanian: kriauklė f
Luxembourgish: Schuel f
Macedonian: школка f (školka)
Manx: bleayst f
Maori: anga, kota
Mongolian: дун (mn) (dun)
Navajo: atsʼaʼ
Norman: êcale f
Northern Sami: skálžu
Norwegian: skjell
Old English: sċiell f
Persian: صدف‎ (fa) (sadaf), شنج‎ (fa) (šonj)
Polish: skorupa (pl) f
Portuguese: concha (pt) f
Quechua: mayt'una
Romanian: scoică (ro) f, cochilie (ro) f
Russian: ра́ковина (ru) f (rákovina) (of a mollusc), раку́шка (ru) f (rakúška), ра́кушка (ru) f (rákuška), па́нцирь (ru) m (páncirʹ) (of an arthropod or a turtle)
Scottish Gaelic: cochall m
Serbo-Croatian: Cyrillic: шко̑љка f Roman: škȏljka (sh) f Slovak: ulita f, pancier m (of an arthropod or a turtle), lastúra f
Slovene: školjka (sl) f (of a mollusc), oklep (sl) m (of an athropod, turtle)
Spanish: concha (es) f
Swedish: skal (sv) n
Tajik: садаф (sadaf)
Thai: กระดอง (th) (grà-dɔɔng), เปลือก (th) (bplʉ̀ʉak)
Turkish: kabuk (tr)
Turkmen: gabyk
Ukrainian: черепа́шка f (čerepáška), па́нцер m (páncer), па́нцир m (páncyr)
Welsh: cragen (cy) f

Used to make beads for at least 9,000 years, initially used as ornamentation, rather than as money.

Shells were the first (known) money used by the PIEoneers; they were durable, difficult to forge and had a limited supply.

Archaeological evidence indicates that people in Neolithic Europe were trading the shells of Spondylus gaederopus to make spindles, bangles and other ornaments throughout much of the Neolithic period. The Linear Pottery Culture worked them into bracelets and belt buckles. The main use period appears to have been from around 5350 to 4200 BC, especially in Varna. Afterwards the use of Spondylus in grave goods appears to have been limited to women and children: Presumably metal based money took its place, maybe button seals and lapis lazuli and glazed faience beads<<. The shells were harvested from the Aegean Sea, but were transported far into the center of the continent. Coins where invented late in Lydia about 600BC in the form of electrum (green/white gold) turtle 甲 or quadriga coins with swastika hammer pattern. The idea reached India around 500BC.

The Harappa (Indus) Civilization turned the Maledives into a cowry 'mint' which lasted until last century. See Mercury below.

Starting over three thousand years ago, cowry shells, or copies of the shells, were used as Chinese currency. The Classical Chinese character for "money/currency" 貝 originated as a pictograph of a cowrie shell. See oracle script

Cowries were formerly used as means of exchange in India. In Bengal, where it required 3840 to make a rupee, the annual importation was valued at about 30,000 rupees.
In Southeast Asia, when the value of the Siamese tical (baht) was about half a troy ounce of silver, the value of the cowrie (Thai: เบี้ย bia) was fixed at ​1⁄6400 Baht (80*80 ventrisimal numbers) Kaudi ⇔ Geld?

Ecuadorian peoples traded them with peoples as far north as present-day Mexico and as far south as the central Andes.[9] The Moche people of ancient Peru regarded the sea and animals as sacred; they used Spondylus shells in their art and depicted Spondylus in effigy pots.[10] Spondylus were also harvested from the Gulf of California and traded to tribes through Mexico and the American Southwest.

Spondylus limbatus was commonly ground for mortar in Central America; Some Mediterranean species are edible and, in particular S. gaederopus, is commonly consumed in Sardinia.

In Papua New Guinea, cowry shells are still legal currency as Keena.

Chinese coinage during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods includes some of the earliest coins produced in the world. However, they were mostly not the typical round shape of modern coins. They included cowrie shells, ant nose money, spade-shaped money and knife-shaped money.

In the Zhou period, their use became more stylised with replica shells made of porcelain, jade or metal coming into use. Some sources suggest that early round coins were a highly stylised representation of the cowrie shells.

🐚 贝貝 bèi buy & sell shells 售 mušle mai 卖 *màishell ნაჭუჭი nač̣uč̣i muzimbu@Kongo
🐚 coral cochall खोल khol concha coins 𓊗💰 ខ្យង kyɑɑŋ
🐚 scallop Schale shell ŝelo:seal<sigil
🐚 貝殻 かいがら, kaigara kagyló kuori cowry-shell 𓊗🌕💰 munankuori ⇔ money mercure ☿
🐚 čarapáška чарапа́шка κέλυφος kélyfos پوسته‎ puste búzios prize peso Pachisi 𓊪𓈎𓏏𓂂 / 𓊪𓅮𓄿𓈎𓏏𓂂
🐚 carapace closca 'close' yoqschar يقشر
🐚 кабык kabık 조가비 jogabi
🐚 贝壳 bèiké kabuk 껍질 Keopjil 𓆇 Kavidi കവിടി ⇔ kaubuy kaufen
🐚 殻 から kara << care guard ⇔ Kork kuori coco🌰
🐢 𓆉 ⿔⻲⻳甲羅 こうら kōra 甲!
🐚 𓈗🐚 mercure ☿ mercare merchand marché ... > 卖 *màishell Muschel mollusk.al < Cypraeidae
🐚 Monetaria moneta / Cypraea moneta @ Prashnam/Pachamama divination of Indies and Andes!

𝚿♁ Pachamama is the mother of Inti𓊹 the sun god and Mama Killa𓆼 the moon goddess.

otherwise used as ornaments or charms. golden cowry or bulikula as a badge of rank. They are viewed as symbols of womanhood, fertility, birth and wealth. Its underside is supposed, by one modern ethnographic author, to represent a bivalve vulva(mumu) or an eye.
貝目見 mùjiàn = moyen/sehen
具貝見见贝 bèi [buy/voir] ⇔ 白báide/white binary betting dice!

symbol of Goddess Lakshmi and wealth, divination at Kerala

**count**ing coins: numbers

SELL:
باع‎ (bāʿ) sell
賣 卖 mài müüma māi bē bōe ambivalent m:b buy/sell QED^2!
售 shòu sell
বেছা besa ⇔peso
فروختن‎ forux.tan veräußern⋍verkoopen ?
𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌱𐌿𐌲𐌾𐌰𐌽 frabug.jan ⋍^
πουλάω (el) (pouláo)
πιπράσκω (pipráskō)
富 fu4 BUY 贝 币 rich
kūʻai ⇔ coin

BUY
किन्नु (kinnu) 買－いん (kooin) coin concha 🐚
賣 卖 mài müüma māi bē bōe ambivalent m:b buy/sell QED^2!
...

όστρακο óstrako ostraca
𓊪 𓈎 𓇋 𓇋 𓏏 𓊌||potsherd| 𓆩 pot𓊪sherd𓈎𓇋𓇋𓏏 ⇔
𓊪 𓈎 𓏏 𓂂||shell (of turtle, of skull)|⋍phqrt 𓆉 ⿔⻲⻳甲羅 こうら kōra 甲
𓊪 𓅮 𓄿 𓈎 𓏏 𓂂||shell (of turtle, of skull)|պատյան patyan patina 𓆩
𓊪 𓅮 𓄿 𓈎 𓏏 𓂂||thin part of bone in skull|plaquet? placate 𓆩